Illinois Geological Survey

Two types of coal ash samples have been prepared routinely for analysis at the Illinois Geological Survey. Low-temperature ash samples (12), in which the bulk of the mineral matter remains unchanged, are prepared by reaction of the coal with activated oxygen in a radiofrequency field. The effective temperature produced by this device is approximately 150 °C. Such samples were unsatisfactory for emission spectroscopic analysis. It is postulated that the presence of largely unaltered mineral matter, such as carbonates, sulfides, and hemihydrated sulfates (12), caused the observed nonreproducibility of results. High-temperature ash samples, prepared in a muffle furnace, consisted mainly... 

More recently mercury has been determined at the Illinois Geological Survey (16) by a modification of the method of Rook et al. (12). 

Arsenic. At the Illinois Geological Survey, arsenic has also been determined in low-temperature coal ash, and the concentration is calculated to a whole coal basis because it was found that negligible amounts of arsenic are lost in the low-temperature ashing of coal (4). 

Sample Preparation. Herrin No.6 (Illinois No.6) and Indiana No.5 (Illinois No.5) coals obtained from the Illinois Geological Survey Sample Bank were used in this study. The whole coals were split into four fractions each of which was placed in a sealed, 5-gallon drum. The fourth fraction was ground to minus 200 mesh and then introduced into a nitrogen gas powered (100 psi) Sturtevant fluid energy mill. In this device the coal particle size is reduced to the micron level by impaction between coal particles themselves and with the impaction chamber walls. Proximate and elemental data for these micronized coals are reported in Table I. 

Thomas J., Jr. and Damberger H. H. (1976) Internal Surface Area, Moisture Content, and Porosity in Illinois Coals Variations with Coal Rank. Illinois Geological Survey Circular 493. 

R. H. Shiley, D. R. Dickerson, and G. C. Finger, Aromatic Fluorine Chemisty at the Illinois State Geological Survey, circular 501, Urbana, lU., 1978. 

Other coal sample banks are also in existence. The Penn State Sample Bank at Peimsylvania State University has the most diverse collection of samples (86). The Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program at the Illinois State Geological Survey specializes in samples from the Illinois Basin (89). The European Center for Coal Specimens has a significant collection of samples from the entire world and is located in Eygelshoven in The Netherlands (88). Each makes samples available in kilogram quantities. 

Shiley, R H, Dickerson, D R, Finger, G C Aromattc Fluorine Chemistry at the Illinois State Geological Surve Research Notes 1934-1976 Illinois Slale Geological Survey Urbana, IL 114... 

Doscher, T. M., The Doschers Group Doss, J. E., Tennessee Eastman Company Eggert, R. G., Pennsylvania State University Eidel, J., Illinois State Geological Survey Erlinger, H., Illinois State Geological Survey Evans, J. W., University of California Faulkner, L., University of Illinois Fefferman, G. B., AT T Bell Laboratories Fisher, D. G., University of Alberta Friedlander, S. K., University of California, Los Angeles... 

Howes, M. A. H., IIT Research Institute Hughes, R., Illinois State Geological Survey Hughes, T. R., Chevron Research Company Hunt, A. J., Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Irving, J. P., Chevron Oil Field Research Co. Jacques, D., Exxon Chemical Comparer Jefcoat, I. A., University of Alabama Jezl, J. L., Amoco Chemicals Company Jerome, J., Northwestern University... 

Johnson, D. W., AT T Bell Laboratories Jones, F. N., North Dakota State University Juba, M. R., Eastman Kodak Company Kahn, L., Illinois State Geological Survey Kalelkar, A. S., Arthur D. Little, Inc. 

Leighton, M. W., Illinois State Geological Survey Lewis, D., GAP Corporation Lewis, I. C., Union Carbide Corporation Lin, Cheng-yin, AT T Bell Laboratories Liu, H. T., Union Carbide Corporation Lynch, R. W., Sandia National Laboratory MacDonald, S., IBM Almaden Research Center Mah, R. S. H., Northwestern University Mallinson, J. C., University of California, San Diego... 

Roy, W.R., Mravik, S.C., Krapac, I.G., Dickerson, D.R., and Griffin, R.A., Geochemical Interactions of Hazardous Wastes with Geological Formations in Deep-Well Systems, Environmental Geology Notes 130, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois, 1989. 

Brower, R.D., Visocky, A.P., Krapac, I.G., Hensel, B.R., Peyton, G.R., Nealon, J.S., and Guthrie, M., Evaluation of Underground Injection of Industrial Waste in Illinois, Final Report, Illinois Scientific Surveys Joint Report 2, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL, 1989. 

Von Engelhardt, W. Tunn, W.L.M. State Geological Survey Circular 194, 1955, Urbana, Illinois. 

Griffin, R.A., Chou, S.J. (1981) Attenuation of polybrominated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene in Earth Materials. Final Report, U.S. EPA-600/2-81-191. Urbana, II Illinois State Geological Survey, pp. 60. 

Leamnson, R. N., J. Thomas, Jr. and H.P Ehrlinger, III, 1969, A study of the surface areas of particulate microcrystalline silica and silica sand. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 444. 

Mehnert, E., C. R. Gendron and R. D. Brower, 1990, Investigation of the hydraulic effects of deep-well injection of industrial wastes. Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology 135,100 p. 

I owe special thanks to colleagues who reviewed draft chapters Patrick Brady at Sandia National Laboratories Glenn Hammond, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Thomas Holm, Illinois Water Survey Qusheng Jin, University of Oregon Thomas McCollom, University of Colorado David Parkhurst, US Geological Survey Robert Sanford, University of Illinois Lisa Stillings, US Geological Survey and Brian Viani, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories. 

I can thank just a few of my colleagues and students who helped develop the case studies in this book. John Yecko and William Roy of the Illinois State Geological Survey first modeled degradation of the injection wells at Marshall, Illinois. Rachida Bouhlila provided analyses of the brines at Sebkhat El Melah, Tunisia. 

Finger, G. C., Reed, F. H. and Tehon, L. R. (1955). Aromatic Fluorine Compounds as Fungicides. Illinois State Geological Survey. 

Analysis of both soil and road dust for Al, Si, K, Ti, and Fe was performed at the Illinois State Geological Survey, using X-ray fluorescence techniques (O. Ca and K were determined at the Water Survey by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) following LIBO3 fusion to disolve the sample ). 

Sample analyses were carried out by a number of laboratories. We are grateful to Mr. Mark E. Peden and Ms. Loretta M. Skowron of the Water Survey s Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Unit for atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Mr. L. R. Henderson of the Illinois State Geological Survey for X-ray Fluorescence specto-scopy, and Dr. T. A. Cahill of the University of Califomia-Davis for elemental analysis. Mr. R. G. Semonin reviewed the manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ATM-7724294, and by the Department of Energy, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research, under Contract No. EY-76-S-02-1199. 

Roy, W. R., Thiery, R. G., Schuller, R. M. Suloway, J. J. 1981. Coal Fly Ash A Review of the Literature and Proposed Classification System with Emphasis on Environmental Impacts, Environmental Geology Note No.96. Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign. IL. 

Recent comprehensive investigations involving a large number of coal samples and determinations of many elements including trace elements have been undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (29), the U.S. Bureau of Mines (30), the Illinois State Geological Survey (23), and The Pennsylvania State University (2). 

The chemical analytical data on which Table I and Figures 2-5 are based were determined by the Analytical Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Geological Survey. The Survey research reported is sponsored, in part, by Grant No. R-800059 and Contract No. 68-02-0246 from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Demonstration Projects Branch, Control Systems Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, N. C. 

G. B. DREHER and J. A. SCHLEICHER Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, 111. 61801... 

The instrument used in this project was a Phillips manual vacuum x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. All analyses were made in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratories of the Illinois State Geological Survey. 

There is, therefore, much interest in determining the concentration of various trace elements in coal. The Illinois State Geological Survey recently concluded a study of the occurrence and distribution of potentially volatile trace elements in coal sponsored by the U. S. Environmental... 

Radiochemical yields are 80-90%. The average relative standard deviation for the method is 15%. The value of 0.14 ppm mercury was obtained on SRM 1630. The mercury contents of more than 100 coal samples from the United States have been determined at the Illinois State Geological Survey. Values range from 0.01 to 1.73 ppm (9, 16). 

A similar procedure has been used at the Illinois State Geological Survey to determine selenium, but low-temperature coal ash was analyzed because it was determined that the amount of selenium that might be lost from coal on ashing at 150°C (sometimes up to 4-5% ) was within the accuracy and precision of the experimental method (4). 

Aromatic Fluorine Chemistry at the Illinois State Geological Survey Research Notes, 1934-1976 ... 

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