Hypothalamus Anterior area

A neural circuit composed of several regions of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, medial preoptic area, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, ventral striatum, and other interconnected structures has been implicated in emotion regiflation including the associated affective... 

Structures implicated in the production or maintenance of sleep include the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal medullary reticular formation, raphe nuclei, thalamus, anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, basal forebrain, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. None of these structures are individually necessary for sleep. No lesion has produced a long lasting total insomnia. After some sleep-reducing lesions, sleep returns toward normal if sufficient time is allowed for recovery. 

It is known that respiratory stimuli elicit neural activity in suprapontine areas (O Donnell et al. 2007). hi human studies (Fig. 1) respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been used to study human brain activity induced by respiratory mechanical loads, reducing tidal volume, hypercapnia, and hypoxia (O Donnell et al. 2007). Neural activation has been reported in the primary sensory cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate, amygdala, anterior insular... 

Naess, O., Attramadal, A., and Aakvaag, A., 1975, Androgen binding proteins in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of the rat. Endocrinology 96 1. 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

Figure 2.1 Schematic of the rat brain (sagittal section) showing the approximate location of important brain structures controlling wakefulness and REM sleep. Abbreviations AH, anterior hypothalamus BF, basal forebrain DL pons, dorsolateral pons (rapid eye movement sleep control area) M-RA, Magoun/Rhines inhibitory area in the ventral medulla PH, posterior hypothalamus.

Figure 2.4 Flip-flop switch model of wake and slow wave sleep active systems. Mutually inhibitory connections exist between GABAergic/Galaninergic slow wave sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the anterior hypothalamus and aminergic neurons in the hypothalamus (histamine (HA) neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)) and brainstem (serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)). Orexinergic neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) stabilize the waking state via excitation of the waking side of the flip-flop switch (aminergic neurons).

Hypothalamus medial and lateral preoptic areas anterior, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei tuberomammillary nucleus medial and lateral preoptic areas, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, complex of mammillary bodies... 

Flugge G, Oertel WH, Wuttke W (1986) Evidence for estrogen-receptive GABAergic neurons in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus area of the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology 43 1-5... 

Fig. 35.1 Simplified diagram of chemosensory circuit in amygdala. Vomeronasal input via accessory olfactory bulb (VNO/ AOB) is analyzed in anterior and posterior medial amygdala (MeA, MeP). MeP appears to be inhibited by intercalated nucleus (ICNc) for heterospecific and artificial stimuli. MOE/ MOB Main olfactory epithelium/Main olfactory bulb. ACN Anterior Cortical Nucleus. PC Piriform Cortex. BLA Basolateral amygdala. ICNr rostral part of medial intercalated nucleus. ICNc caudal part of ICN. MPOA Medial Preoptic Area. VMH Ventro-medial hypothalamus...

Yasumatsu M, Yazawa T, Otokawa M, Kuwasawa K, Hasegawa H, et al. 1998. Monoamines, amino acids and acetylcholine in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus of rats measurements of tissue extracts and in vivo microdialy-sates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 121 13-23. 

In the brain, the effects of AVP are mediated through G protein-coupled receptors, which have been classified as Via and Vlb subtypes, the former being expressed—inter alia—at the level of the amygdala, septum and hypothalamus (Ostrowski et al. 1992 Tribollet et al. 1999). While the Vlb receptor is primarily locahzed in the anterior pituitary, it has also been detected in various brain areas, including the amygdala, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus (Lolait... 

The neurotransmitter histamine (HA) exerts several functions in the hypothalamus [1-2] including an involvement in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion [3]. HA has no effect directly at the level of the pituitary gland, but influences the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones either by an exerted e.g. in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on other central transmitters or hypothalamic regulating factors, which subsequently regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones. In addition, HA acts on the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus where the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized and thereby exerts a direct effect on the release of the posterior pituitary hormones. Immunohistochemical studies have revealed that the histaminergic neurons, which originate in the tuberomammillary nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus, densely innervate most of the hypothalamic areas involved in the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone secretion [4-5]. Within the last two decades the effect of HA on pituitary hormone secretion have been explored in several studies and it has been... 

Autoradiographic studies have revealed that H3 receptors are located in most areas of the brain with the highest content in the basal ganglia and the cortex [9]. H3 receptors are distributed with moderate density in the hypothalamus, where the highest density of histaminergic nerve fibers are found [4-5], and were demonstrated in the anterior, medial and posterior hypothalamus [8]. However, their localization in hypothalamic areas primarily involved in the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion were not studied in detail. In the pituitary gland the H3 receptors were scarce. 

Limbic system detect a gene mutation. The method uses the coupling of two adjacent synthetic oligonucleotides aligned on the template of the target deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Area of the brain associated with small, involuntary functions, emotions and behaviour. Comprises the hypothalamus, parahippocampus, olfactory lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, anterior thalamus, fornix and stria terminalis. 

The releasing hormones (liberins 60)) and the release-inhibiting hormones (statins) which stimulate the anterior pituitary into hormone production or inhibit release, are low-molecular peptides in comparison with the anterior pituitary hormones and are present in certain areas of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus exerts an influence on many vital physiological processes in the organism. 

Fig. 1. Location of dopaminergic perikarya (Au-A15) are depicted schematically on frontal sections (B-F) through the diencephalon of the rat. Section A is a sagittal view of the rat brain depicting the rostrocaudal location of frontal sections B-F. Abbreviations AH, anterior hypothalamus ARC, arcuate nucleus BST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis f, fornix ic, internal capsule inf, infundibulum me, median eminence mt, mamillothalamic tract OC, optic chiasm ot, optic tract PH, posterior hypothalamus PIT, pituitary gland PeV, periventricular nucleus PVN, paraventricular nucleus RCH, retrochiasmatic area SON, supraoptic nucleus VMN, ventromedial nucleus ZI, zona incerta.

Mons N, Tison F, Geffard M (1990) Existence of L-DOPA immunoreactive neurons in the rat preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 57 425 128. 

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