Respiratory related evoked potential

It is known that respiratory stimuli elicit neural activity in suprapontine areas (O Donnell et al. 2007). hi human studies (Fig. 1) respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been used to study human brain activity induced by respiratory mechanical loads, reducing tidal volume, hypercapnia, and hypoxia (O Donnell et al. 2007). Neural activation has been reported in the primary sensory cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate, amygdala, anterior insular... 

Chou YL, Davenport PW (2007) The effect of increased background resistance on the resistive load threshold for eliciting the respiratory related evoked potential, J Appl Physiol 103 2012-2017 Davenport PW, Hutchison AA (2002) Cerebral cortical respiratory-related evoked potentials elicited by inspiratory occlusion in lambs, J Appl Physiol 93(l) 31-36 Davenport PW, Friedman WA, Thompson FJ, Franzen O (1986) Respiratory-related cortical potentials evoked by inspiratory occlusion in humans, J Appl Physiol 60(6) 1843-1848 Davenport PW, Colrain IM, Hill PM (1996) Scalp topography of the short-latency components of the respiratory-related evoked potential in children, J Appl Physiol 80(5) 1785-1791 Davenport PW, Sapeinza CM, Bolser DC (2002) Psychophysical assessment of the Urge-to-Cough, EurRespir J 12(85) 249-253... 

Davenport PW, Chan PY, Zhang W, Chou YL (2007b) Detection threshold for inspiratory resistive loads and respiratory-related evoked potentials, J Appl Physiol 102(l) 276-285 Dicpinigaitis PV (2003) Short- and long-term reproducibility of capsaicin cough challenge testing, Pulm Pharmacol Ther 16(l) 61-65... 

Knafelc M, Davenport PW (1997) Relationship between resistive loads and PI peak of respiratory-related evoked potential, J Appl Physiol 83(3) 918-926 Knafelc M, Davenport PW (1999) Relationship between magnitude estimation of resistive loads, inspiratory pressures, and the RREP P(l) peak, J Appl Physiol 87(2) 516-522 KoUarik M, Ru F, Undem BJ (2007) Acid-sensitive vagal sensory pathways and cough, Pulm Pharmacol Ther 20(4) 402 11... 

Zhao W, Martin AD, Davenport PW (2002) Respiratory-related evoked potentials elicited by inspiratory occlusions in double-lung transplant recipients. J Appl Physiol 93(3) 894-902... 

A number of chimerized, humanized, and one human mAb have now been approved for therapeutic use in humans in the treatment of autoimmunity, malignancy, infection and cardiovascular disease (Table 1). Some of the currently licensed mAb will be discussed here. A much larger number of mAb are currently being evaluated in Phase I, II and III trials. In general, chimeric, humanized and human mAb are very well tolerated with few side effects. Chimeric or humanized mAb still have the potential to evoke host immune response to the variable domains or CDRs of the antibody so-called HACA (human anti-chimeric antibody) or HAHA (human anti-human antibody) responses, although these responses are uncommon. Short-lived and occasionally severe infusion-related acute hypersensitivity reactions such as fever, skin itching, shivering, respiratory compromise and low blood pressure sometimes occur-. Such effects may... 

---