Anterior cingulate

Gariano, R.F. and Groves, P.M., Burst firing induced in mid-brain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, Brain Res., 462, 194, 1988. 

Anterior cingulate An area of the forebrain rich in cholinergic neurons. 

Stark, A. K., Uylings, H. B., Sanz-Arigita, E. and Pakkenberg, B. Glial cell loss in the anterior cingulated cortex, a subregion of the prefrontal cortex, in subjects with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 161 882-888, 2004. 

Functional imaging studies (Ch. 58) in human addicts have found that cue-elicited craving is associated with activation of the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [18]. Activation of other regions has been reported less consistently. The amygdala is critical for associative... 

Velakoulis, D., Wood, S. J., Smith, D. J. et al. Increased duration of illness is associated with reduced volume in right medial temporal/anterior cingulate grey matter in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 57 43-49, 2002. 

Yucel, M., Wood, S. J., Phillips, L. J. et al. Morphology of the anterior cingulate cortex in young men at ultra-high risk of developing a psychotic illness. Br. J. Psychiat. 182 518-524, 2003. 

Theberge,J.,Al-Semaan,Y.,Williamson, P.C. etal. Glutamate and glutamine in the anterior cingulate and thalamus of medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects measured with 4.0-T proton MRS. Am. J. Psychiat. 160 2231-2233, 2003. 

C. L. Beasley, K. Pennington, A. Behan, R. Wait, M. J. Dunn, and D. Cotter. Proteomic Analysis of the Anterior Cingulated Cortex in the Major Psychiatric Disorders Evidence for Disease-Associated Changes. Proteomics, 6(2006) 344-3425. 

Increases in cerebral blood flow elicited from stimulation of the basal forebrain are mediated by nicotinic and not muscarinic receptors (Linville et al. 1993). During an attention task, nicotine increases cerebral blood flow to the the anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum, and occipital cortex, supporting its role in activating attentional systems (Ghatan et al. 1998). 

FIND Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, ACC anterior cingulate cortex PFC prefrontal cortex NR not reported Data shown for FIND and pack-years are means for the smokers Pack-years = packs of cigarettes smoked per day x number of years smoked... 

Kumari et al, (2003) 12 2 mg nicotine, subcutaneously N-Back Nicotine improved accuracy in all N-back conditions and reduced response times during the more demanding conditions of the task. Irrespective of drug condition, frontal and parietal regions were activated with increasing memory load. Nicotine, however, increased brain activation in the anterior cingulate (0-back, 1-back, 2-back), superior frontal (1-back, 2-back), and left superior parietal cortex (1-back, 2-back, 3-back), in the 3-back condition, nicotine reduced activation in the right superior parietal cortex. 

Batch DM, Braver TS, Akbudak E, Conturo T, Olhnger 1, Snyder A (2001) Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict effects of response modality and processing domain. Cereb Cortex ll(9) 837-848... 

PET positron emission tomography, IV intravenous, nic nicotine, ACC anterior cingulate cortex, occ ctx occipital cortex, PFC prefrontal cortex, thal thalamus,/Mf / functional magnetic resonance imaging... 

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