Hyperactivity in children

The association of dye content with hyperactivity in children remains controversial and unproved. 

HARLEY J P, RAY R S, TOMASI L, EICHMAN P L, MATTHEWS C G, CHUN R, CLEELAND c s and traisman e (1978a), Hyperkinesis and food additives testing the Feingold hypothesis , Pediatrics, 61, 818-28. harley j p, Matthews c g and eichman p (1978b), Synthetic food colors and hyperactivity in children a double-blind challenge experiment , Pediatrics, 62, 975-83. 

Most drugs are administered to infants and children for the same therapeutic indications as for adults. However, a few drugs have found unique uses in children. Among these are theophylline and caffeine, which are used to treat apnea of prematurity indomethacin, which closes a patent ductus arteriosus and prostaglandin Ej, which maintains the patency of the ductus arteriosus. Paradoxically, drugs such as phenobarbital, which have a sedating action on adults, may produce hyperactivity in children, and some adult stimulant drugs, such as methyl-phenidate, are used to treat children with hyperactivity. 

Pfiffner, L.J. and O Leary, S.G. (1993) School-based psychological treatments. In Matson, J.L., ed. Handbook of Hyperactivity in Children. Boston Allyn and Bacon. 

Aman, M. and Langworthy, K.S. (2000) Pharmacotherapy for hyperactivity in children with autism and other pervasive developmental disorder / Autism Dev Disord 30 451 59. 

Phenobarbitone is cheap and produces less side effects which include sedation, behavioural abnormalities, mental confusion, impairment of learning and memory and hyperactivity in children. 

Hyperactivity in children was first described clinically in 1902 and the first report of treatment with a stimulant was in 1937 ( 44). Hyperactivity was the initiai focus but recentiy the importance of attentionai probiems and impuisivity has aiso been recognized, as reflected in Diagnostic and Staiisticai Manuai, 4th ed (DSM-IV) criteria (45). These criteria require an enduring symptom pattern that has resulted in functional impairment. 

In recent years the consumption of carbohydrates in the form of refined sugar has received significant attention from health professionals. The annual consumption of sugar in the United States is about 50 pounds per person or just under 1 pound per week. The adverse effects of excessive sugar in the diet include obesity, increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, tooth decay, and disruptive behavior such as hyperactivity in children. Because of these problems, the food industry has used a number of synthetic or artificial sweeteners in place of sugar. These artificial sweeteners may reduce the use of sugars, but they have also been... 

Chervin RD, Dillon JE, Bassetti C, Ganoczy FA, Pituch KJ (1997) Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children. Sleep 20 1185-1192... 

Further Bateman comments critically on previous reports that suggested that artificial food additives such as coloring and benzoate preservatives are potentially linked to hyperactivity in children (Bateman et al. 2004). 

When a toxicant is introduced, activity may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged depending on choice of apparatus, age of the animal, the relative novelty and complexity of the environment, and many other variables. Although a change in an animal s activity as a result of its exposure to a toxicant indicates a change in the function of its nervous system, interpretation is not straightforward. The change can be due to the toxicant s primary effect on nervous system function or to its effect on some other system that results in a secondary effect on nervous system function. Certainly, extrapolation from activity measurements in rodents to such phenomena as hyperactivity in children is unwarranted,... 

Cooney GH, Bell A, McBride W, et al Low-level exposures to lead the Sydney Lead Study. Dev Med Child Neurol 31 640-649,1989a Cooney GH, Bell A, McBride W, et al Neurobehavioral consequences of prenatal low level exposures to lead. Neurotoxicol Teratol 11 95-104,1989b David OJ Association between lower level lead concentrations and hyperactivity in children. Environ Health Perspect 7 17-25,1974... 

Controlled studies of hyperactivity in children on defined diets produce inconsistent results. 

This oil may be used to decrease the inflammation of arthritis and to treat premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It also has reputed activity in the therapy of arthritis, dry eyes, hyperactivity in children, high blood pressure, and eczema. 

Due to sedative side effects and paradoxical hyperactivity in children and elderly people, PB is used as third-hue therapy. 

Alternatively, some of the effects of Pb " may be attributable to its ability to substitute for Ztf or to interfere with the regulation of neural cell adhesion molecules during postnatal development (Bressler and Goldstein, 1991 Regan, 1989, 1991, 1993). Lee et al. (2002) suggested that selective increase in tyrosine hydroxylase levels observed in the locus ceruleus of lead exposed neonatal rats may help explain lead-induced hyperactivity in children, because this enzyme is rate-limiting in the biosynthesis of catecholamies. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 2530 mg/kg, (IP, mouse) 1460 mg/kg mod. toxic by ingestion, IP routes poison by subcut. route severe eye/skin irritant may cause human intolerance reaction, asthma, hyperactivity in children TSCA listed... 

IP routes poison by subcut. route severe eye/skin irritant may cause human intolerance reaction, asthma, hyperactivity in children TSCA listed... 

Heavy metals in the amygdala of the rat zinc, lead and copper. Brain Res., 94,167 David, O. J. (1974). Association between lower level lead concentrations and hyperactivity in children. Env. Health Perspectives, 8, 17 David, O. (1980). Behavioral and cognitive disorders associated with lead intoxication. 

Product quality is usefully described as a collection of attributes, including color improper application of color additives could conceal the fact that a food product is adulterated or damaged. On the other hand, the extended use of color additives has been recognized as a potential risk to human health. Ingestion of a number of food color additives, especially when they are consumed excessively, has been suggested to provoke asthma, urticaria, and other diseases in humans and may even be carcinogenic [5,6]. Also, recent studies have considered a possible relationship between hyperactivity in children and the consumption of food colors. 

In 2007, seven synthetic additives [Quinoline Yellow, Ponceau 4R, Allura Red, Azorubine (carmoisine), Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, and Sodium Benzoate] were evaluated in a study conducted by the University of Southampton [7]. The study was intended to investigate the effects of these color additives in children from 3 to 9 years old. The study provided supporting evidence of a possible link between the test mixtures and hyperactivity in children, but the role of food color additives in affecting children s behavior is controversial. 

David, O. J. (1974). Association between lower level lead concentrations and hyperactivity in children. Environ. Hlth. Persp. 7, 17-25. 

Over half of the organic compoimds in drugs are chiral, and the different enantiomers have different effect. For example, Ritalin prevents hyperactivity in children in one enantiomer, whereas it has no effect when the opposite enantiomer is used. Another example is thalidomide one enantiomer of thalidomide can cure morning sickness of pregnant women, whereas the other causes birth defects. Om nose is also sensitive to the chirality of the odor molecules. For example, (+) limonene has an orange smell the opposite enantiomer smells like lemon. Similarly, (+) carvone smells like mint, whereas (-) carvone has the smell of caraway. 

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