Hydrocarbons, fatty-acid-derived

Most of the inhibitors in use are organic nitrogen compounds and these have been classified by Bregman as (a) aliphatic fatty acid derivatives, b) imidazolines, (c) quaternaries, (d) rosin derivatives (complex amine mixtures based on abietic acid) all of these will tend to have long-chain hydrocarbons, e.g. CigH, as part of the structure, (e) petroleum sulphonic acid salts of long-chain diamines (preferred to the diamines), (/) other salts of diamines and (g) fatty amides of aliphatic diamines. Actual compounds in use in classes (a) to d) include oleic and naphthenic acid salts of n-tallowpropylenediamine diamines RNH(CH2) NH2 in which R is a carbon chain of 8-22 atoms and x = 2-10 and reaction products of diamines with acids from the partial oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons. Attention has also been drawn to polyethoxylated compounds in which the water solubility can be controlled by the amount of ethylene oxide added to the molecule. 

On comparing the chemical composition of hydrocarbons and fatty oils, a certain parallelism between these two groups of products is found. Actually the difference is only due to the presence of a relatively small amount of oxygen in the esters. Thus, in principle, the structural analysis of fatty acid derivatives can be carried out by removing the oxygen and transforming the products into saturated hydrocarbons of... 

For the structural analysis of cyclic fatty acid derivatives (polymerized drying oils, copolymerization products of fatty oils with various hydrocarbons), in principle the same graphical methods can be developed as have been described for the investigation of hydrocarbon mixtures. However, the construction of useful graphical representations is hampered by the fact that reliable data on physical constants are restricted to the normal saturated fatty acids and their methyl and ethyl esters the synthesis of pure unsaturated fatty acids is already extremely difficult, to say nothing of more complicated cyclic or branched compounds. 

The brown algal genus Dictyopteris shows extraordinary chemical diversity and contains examples both of fatty-acid-derived hydrocarbons and of products from terpene metabolism. The... 

Victorian brown coal occurs in five major lithotypes distinguishable by color index and petrography. Advantage has been taken of a rare 100 m continuous core to compare and contrast chemical variations occurring as a function of lithotype classification. For many parameters there is a much greater contrast between the different lithotypes than there is across the depth profile of (nearly) identical lithotypes. Molecular parameters, such as the distributions of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, triterpenoids and pertrifluoroacetic acid oxidation products, together with gross structural parameters derived from IR and C-NMR spectroscopic data, Rock-Eval and elemental analyses and the yields of specific extractable fractions are compared. 

Pure essential oils are mixtures of more than 200 components, normally mixtures of terpenes or phenyl-propanic derivatives, in which the chemical and structural differences between compounds are minimal. They can be essentially classified into two groups A volatile fraction, constituting 90-95% of the oil in weight, containing the monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, as well as their oxygenated derivatives along with aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols, and esters and a nonvolatile residue that comprises 1-10% of the oil, containing hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, carotenoids, waxes, and flavonoids. 

The various classes of minor constituents can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of fatty acid derivatives such as mono- and diacylglycerols, phospholipids, waxes and esters of sterols. The second group includes classes of compounds not related chemically to fatty acids hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, free sterols, tocopherols, chlorophylls, carotenoids and polar compounds such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. 

While almost all insect pheromones are fatty-acid-derived hydrocarbons (Baker, Chap. 27), crustacean pheromones are more diverse. They belong to various substance classes such as peptides (Rittschof and Cohen 2004), nucleotides (Hardege and Terschak, Chap. 19) or other small polar molecules (Kamio and Derby, Chap. 20), small nonpolar molecules (Ingvarsdottir et al. 2002), and possibly to ceramids (Asai et al. 2000). The higher diversity of waterborne pheromones again reflects the physical differences between the two media, with solubility in water being much less restrictive for the evolution of signal molecules than volatility in air. 

Chem. Descrip. Fatty acid derivs. and hydrocarbons Uses Defoamer, ieveiing agent for water paints, water-dilutable resin systems, impregnations, adhesives, printing inks, pulp, paper and board prod., effluent treating plants Features Silicone-free easily emulsifiable Properties YIsh.-brn. clear oil emulsifiable in water dens. 0.92 g/ml (20 C) vise, low flash pt. > 120 C pH 6.5 (2% in DW) nonionic 100% act. Use Level 0.1-2.0%... 

Chem. Descrip. Proprietary blend of fatty acid derivatives, surfactants, and hydrocarbons... 

Dufour s gland, which is part of the poison-gland complex in ants, often contains complex mixtures of aliphatic hydrocarbons and other fatty-acid-derived compounds. Terpenoids are less common,... 

Plant tissues are known to be able to oxidize wax components such as hydrocarbons and incorporate the fatty acids derived from them into cellular... 

Some natural complex matrices do not need sample preparation prior to GC analysis, for example, essential oils. The latter generally contain only volatile components, since their preparation is performed by SD. Citrus oils, extracted by cold-pressing machines, are an exception, containing more than 200 volatile and nonvolatile components. The volatile fraction represents 90-99% of the entire oil, and is represented by mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives, along with aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols, and esters the nonvolatile fraction, constituting 1-10% of the oil, is represented mainly by hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, carotenoids, waxes, and oxygen heterocyclic compounds (coumarins, psoralens, and polymethoxylated flavones—PMFs) [92]. 

Fatty adds may be subjected to IR spectroscopy in the free (unesterified) state, bound to glycerol or as the methyl ester derivatives, although an esterified form is to be preferred as a band due to the free carboxyl group between 10 and 11 pm may obscure a number of other important features in the spectra. Most information on the chemical nature of fatty acid derivatives can be obtained when they are in solution and Figure 6.10 illustrates the IR spectmm of soybean oil in carbon tetrachloride solution. The sharp band at 5.75 pm is due to the esterified carbonyl function, which is also responsible for a band at 8.6 pm. With free fatty acids, the first of these bands is displaced to 5.9 pm and there are also broad bands at 3.5 pm and 10.7 pm. c/s-Double bonds give rise to small bands at 3.3 pm and 6.1 pm, that are useful as diagnostic aids and are considered sufficiently distinct for use in quantitative estimations in some circumstances [43,59]. Most of the remaining bands are absorption frequencies of the hydrocarbon chain. 

Fatty acids derived from alkanes have received considerable attention as surfactants. Rehm and Reiff 1981 have published a detailed list of fatty acids resulting from the microbial oxidation of alkanes. The hydrophUic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of fatty acids is clearly related to the length of the hydrocarbon chain. For lowering surface and interfacial tensions, the most active saturated fatty acids are in the range of C-12 to C-14. In addition to straight-chain fatty adds, microorganisms produce... 

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