Hydrocarbons ethane

Condensable hydrocarbons are removed from natural gas by cooling the gas to a low temperature and then by washing it with a cold hydrocarbon hquid to absorb the condensables. The uncondensed gas (mainly methane with a small amount of ethane) is classified as natural gas. The condensable hydrocarbons (ethane and heavier hydrocarbons) are stripped from the solvent and are separated into two streams. The heavier stream, which largely contains propane with some ethane and butane, can be Hquefied and is marketed as Hquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (qv). The heavier fractions, which consist of and heavier hydrocarbons, are added to gasoline to control volatihty (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). 

Aliphatics. Methane, obtained from cmde oil or natural gas, or as a product from various conversion (cracking) processes, is an important source of raw materials for aliphatic petrochemicals (Fig. 10) (see Hydrocarbons). Ethane, also available from natural gas and cracking processes, is an important source of ethylene, which, in turn, provides more valuable routes to petrochemical products (Fig. 11). 

An interesting development in the use of metal carbonyl catalysts is the production of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molten solution of sodium chloride and aluminum chloride with It4(CO) 2 a catalyst yields a mixture of hydrocarbons. Ethane is the primary product (184). 

The name ethyl is derived from the name of the parent hydrocarbon, ethane. In the same way the name of the methyl group (CH3—) is derived from that of methane, CH4 the name of the propyl group (CH3CH2CH2—) is derived from propane, CH3CH2CH3 etc. 

It can also be prepd by the catalytic reforming of other low-boiling hydrocarbons (ethane to butane) (Ref 3)... 

Figure 9.6. Schematic representation of the catalytic cycle for the hydrodesulfurization of a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon (ethane thiol) by a sulfur vacancy on M0S2 The C2H5SH molecule adsorbs with its sulfur atom towards...

Keller and Bhasin were first to report in 1982 [1] on the catalytic one-step oxidative dimerization or coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons, ethane and ethylene. Numerous investigations have followed this seminal work and a large number of catalysts have been found which give total selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons higher than 90% at low (<2%) methane conversion [2-6]. 

Sigma and pi NBOs of hydrocarbons ethane, ethylene, acetylene Let us turn now to the actual NBOs for the classical cases of equivalent sp" hybridization acetylene (n = 1), ethylene (n = 2), and methane (n = 3). In each case, the NBO results are in excellent agreement with the expected Lewis structures,... 

The behavior of flammability limits at elevated pressures can be explained somewhat satisfactorily. For simple hydrocarbons (ethane, propane,..., pentane),... 

The partial oxidation method is normally used for heavier feedstocks, everything from naphtha to residual fuel, in those places where natural gas or light hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, or butane) are not readily available. 

Among the class of elements that usually form more than one chemical bond in a molecule, carbon is unique. Carbon, among all the elements, stands alone in its ability to form chains of atoms several thousand long, perhaps endlessly long. The richness of the chemistry of carbon derives in large part from this apparently unlimited capacity of carbon atoms to form bonds with other carbon atoms. We begin small with ethane, which contains just two carbon atoms and, hence, one carbon-carbon bond. Of all the hydrocarbons, ethane is the simplest, with the sole exception of methane. 

The pATa of the hydrocarbon ethane is about 50, that of ethylene about 44, and that of acetylene is about 25. The hybridization of the C-H bond in ethane is sp (25% i character), in ethylene it... 

Sherwood-Lollar et al. 1993,2002). In contrast to thermogenic hydrocarbons where higher hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane) are enriched in and D relative to methane, abiogenic alkanes may be depleted in C and D relative to methane. These depletion patterns relative to methane may be produced by polymerization reactions of methane precursors (Sherwood-Lollar et al. 2002). 

Enzymes can express activity in supercritical and near-supercritical fluids, such as carbon dioxide, freons (CHF3), hydrocarbons (ethane, ethylene, propane) or inorganic compounds (SFe, N2O). The choice of supercritical fluids is often... 

These results are in excellent accord with the results described for the simpler hydrocarbons, ethane. Sec. III,B, and propane. Sec. IV,A. 

Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, absolute alcohol, or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. It is associated primarily with alcoholic beverages, but it has numerous uses in the chemical industry. The word alcohol is derived from the Arabic word al kuhul, which was a fine powder of the element antimony used as a cosmetic. In Medieval times, the word al kuhul came to be associated with the distilled products known as alcohols. The hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon, characterizes alcohols. Ethyl is derived from the root of the two-carbon hydrocarbon ethane. 

At higher temperatures the C2 hydrocarbons (ethane, ethylene, acetylene) are oxidized along the same pathways as outlined in Section 14.3.1. The C2 radicals C2H5 and C2H3 are much more reactive than CH3, and consequently C2 hydrocarbons are more easily oxidized than methane. This is illustrated in Fig. 14.4, which shows data for oxidation of selected hydrocarbons in a flow reactor. Measurements of the outlet CO concentration, obtained in the 800 to 1500 K range under slightly fuel-rich conditions, are compared with modeling predictions [148]. 

Another important class of organic compounds that we shall meet frequently, even in the early chapters of the text, are the carboxylic acids. These compounds are characterized by the carboxyl group, — COOH (7). As their names suggest, these compounds are acids. The most common example is acetic acid, CH3COOH (8 formally, ethanoic acid), the acid that gives vinegar its sharp taste. Another simple carboxylic acid is formic acid, HCOOH (9 formally, methanoic acid), the acid of ant venom. Note how the systematic (formal) names of the carboxylic acids are derived from the parent hydrocarbons (ethane and methane, respectively) by adding -anoic acid as a suffix to the stems eth- and meth-. 

Natural gas Gaseous hydrocarbons that are used as fuel. Natural gas is primarily methane, although other gaseous hydrocarbons (ethane and propane) may be present (compare with petroleum and oil). 

Olefin production is achieved by pyrolysis of various feedstocks, ranging from light hydrocarbons (ethane, propane) to naphthas, gas oils and even crude oils. The variety of and change in the nature of available feedstocks due to new sources (e.g. off-gas from the North Sea) or to political problems, and the marked variation in prices and... 

These representations of the hydrocarbon ethane, C2H6, were made using different modelling kits. Your school may have one or more of these kits available. 

The hydrocarbons ethane, ethene, and ethyne were not identified. This could mean, that they are not present at detectable concentrations or that they react further immediately. It is conceivable that ethyne reacts with SiHCl2 or H2 ... 

Although industrial interest in the synthesis of acetonitrile directly from C2 hydrocarbons is currently limited, with acetonitrile being mainly produced as a byproduct in acrylonitrile production, there are a number of indications regarding the future need of direct production of acetonitrile by C2 hydrocarbon (ethane, in particular) ammoxidation. In fact, acetonitrile is used as a solvent and also as an intermediate in the production of many chemicals, ranging from pesticides to perfumes. Production trends for acetonitrile generally follow those of acrylonitrile, but the growth rate for acetonitrile use is higher than that of acrylonitrile. The four... 

The behavior of flammability limits at elevated pressures can be explained somewhat satisfactorily. For simple hydrocarbons (ethane, propane,..., pentane), it appears that the rich limits extend almost linearly with increasing pressure at a rate of about 0.13 vol%/atm the lean limits, on the other hand, are at first extended slightly and thereafter narrowed as pressure is increased to 6 atm. In all, the lean limit appears not to be affected appreciably by the pressure. Figure 25 for natural gas in air shows the pressure effect for conditions above atmospheric. 

According to our ideas in regard to the constitution of the hydrocarbon ethane the only formula for an isomeric di-chlor ethane, differing from the one derived from aldehyde, is one in which the two chlorine atoms instead of being both linked to the same carbon atom are each linked to a diferent carbon atom. This gives us a symmetrical com-... 

As more than one hydroxyl group linked to a single carbon atom results in an unstable compound, the simplest di-hydroxy alcohol is the one derived from the two carbon hydrocarbon ethane (i.e.) dihydroxy ethane, or glycol, CH2—(OH) — CH2(OH). Similarly the simplest tri-hydroxy alcohol is derived from the three carbon hydrocarbon propane. It is known commonly as glycerin, but is better termed glycerol, as the termination, ol, signifies an alcohol. 

Although the dehydrogenation proceeds further and ethene cannot be prepared by this reaction, it illustrates the generic relations. Ethene contains less hydrogen atoms than the saturated hydrocarbon ethane and therefore is considered as unsaturated. Further, ethene is the first member of alkenes or olefins, a class of unsaturated hydrocarbons represented by the general formula CnHjn. 

A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds. In the simplest hydrocarbon, methane, a single carbon is bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Methane is the main component of the natural gas that you burn when you light a Bunsen burner. The next simplest hydrocarbon, ethane, is formed when two carbon atoms bond to each other as well as to three hydrogen atoms apiece. 

Like the hydrocarbon ethane, the space-filling model of ethene has two geometric centers. ... 

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