Aliphatic hydrocarbons ethane

Aliphatics. Methane, obtained from cmde oil or natural gas, or as a product from various conversion (cracking) processes, is an important source of raw materials for aliphatic petrochemicals (Fig. 10) (see Hydrocarbons). Ethane, also available from natural gas and cracking processes, is an important source of ethylene, which, in turn, provides more valuable routes to petrochemical products (Fig. 11). 

The results of more recent investigations by Blicke with Maxwell and with Kaplan covering a wide range of basic components and of acyl residues, do not lend themselves to a simple generalisation. The basic components were mainly dialkylamino-derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons from ethane to pentane, e.g.,. CHj. CHj. NMcj to. CHj. CMcj. CHj. NEtj, and similar but shorter series of derivatives of piperidine (CgHjoN), morpholine, e.g.,. CHj. CHj. NC HgO, and methylcj/clohexylamine... 

One of the suitable examples of sizable molecules may be ethane. The trans form belongs to the symmetry D3(l. The HO s are degenerate leg MO, which are largely localized at C—Hbondsand have bonding character on these bonds. The mode of extension is indicated below 89.00). The LU is also localized at C—H bonds and antibonding. It is understood that most of the ionic and radical reactions of aliphatic hydrocarbons have some concern with the C—H bond. 

Paraffin (alkane) one of a series of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, the lowest numbers of which are methane, ethane, and propane. The higher homologs are solid waxes. 

Alkalsit is a Ger blasting expi which is described in PATR 2510(1958), p Ger 3 Alkanes, Nitrated Derivatives (Nitrated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons). The first nitro-alkane described in the literature was 1,2-dinitroethane, prepd in Russia by A.Semenov. Since then hundreds of nitroalkanes, some of them explosive, were obtained. The reference given below describes old and new methods of prepn of nitro alkanes. Most of expl nitro alkanes are described in this dictionary under their parent names, such as methane, ethane, propane, etc Ref 0. vonSchickh, AngewChem 62, 547-56 (1950)(Chemie und Technologie der Nitro-alkane)... 

One of the characteristic features of the metal-catalysed reaction of acetylene with hydrogen is that, in addition to ethylene and ethane, hydrocarbons containing more than two carbon atoms are frequently observed in appreciable yields. The hydropolymerisation of acetylene over nickel—pumice catalysts was investigated in some detail by Sheridan [169] who found that, between 200 and 250°C, extensive polymerisation to yield predominantly C4 - and C6 -polymers occurred, although small amounts of all polymers up to Cn, where n > 31, were also observed. It was also shown that the polymeric products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, although subsequent studies with nickel—alumina [176] revealed that, whilst the main products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, small amounts of cyclohexene, cyclohexane and aromatic hydrocarbons were also formed. The extent of polymerisation appears to be greater with the first row metals, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper, where up to 60% of the acetylene may polymerise, than with the second and third row noble Group VIII metals. With alumina-supported noble metals, the polymerisation prod-... 

Aliphatic hydrocarbon a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only, which has an open-chain structure (e.g., as ethane, butane, octane, butene) or a cyclic structure (e.g., cyclohexane). 

The most common members of aliphatic hydrocarbons are methane, ethane, n-propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane. In general, after repeated exposure, these compounds cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, asphyxia, and chemical pneumonitis. In high concentrations as gas or vapor, these compounds trigger CNS depression and axonopathy. Keeping up the essential requirements of chemical safety to industrial workers, the ACGIH and OSHA have set the threshold limits for many of the aliphatic hydrocarbons. ... 

In the neighborhood of 300 to 400°C, the aliphatic hydrocarbons from ethane on up show a rather complex ignition behavior (Fig. XIV. 10). At... 

However, in the case of 1,1-DCA, complete dechlorination to ethane was not shown. In summary, the information available suggests that landfill plumes host redox environments, microorganisms, and/or geochemical processes that can effectively attenuate chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Character of Center Nucleus.—As was stated in connection with anthracene itself we can not say positively as to the character of the center nucleus in either the hydrocarbon or the quinone. In anthracene the aliphatic character of this center nucleus is indicated by its formation from an ethane residue, by the tetra-brom ethane synthesis. This does not, however, preclude the possibility of its becoming a true benzene nucleus when condensed with two benzene rings, for benzene itself may be made from aliphatic hydrocarbons, from acetylene by polymerization (p. 478), and from hexane through hexa-methylene with the loss of hydrogen after the formation of the cyclo-paraffin (p. 469). Also naphthalene, in which there is no doubt of the benzene character of the two nuclei, may have one nucleus formed from an aliphatic chain as in the syntheses given (p. 767) from phenyl butylene bromide, from phenyl vinyl acetic acid and from tetra-carboxy ethane. In the same way the facts in regard to anthraquinone do not prove... 

In helium quantitative yield of HCI. remainder residue and hydrocarbons, benzene is major volatile hydrocarbons product aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene (major product), toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xyiene, monochlorobenzene styrene, vinyl tcriuerre. p-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, indene, 1,3.5-trichlorobenzene 1.2.4. richlorobenzene. naphthalene, u-methylnaphthalene. p-methylnaphthatene effect of ZnO. SnOj, and Ab03 on the yields of products Is also recorded HCI. CO2. ethene. ethane, propane, 1-butene. 2-butene. 1-pentene. cydopentene, n-pentane, 2-methylbulane, 1,3-pentadiene. 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, complex series (60 Identlfled) of aromatic and polyaromatic species including benzene, styrene, methylstyrenes, toluene, o-xytene, m-xylene, p-xylene, biphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene. pyrene, etc. 

Carbon dioxide, water, ethane, ethylene, propane, ammonia, xenon, nitrous oxide, and fluoroform have been considered useful solvents for SEE. Carbon dioxide has so far been the most widely used as a supercritical solvent because of its convenient critical temperature, 304°K, low cost, chemical stability, nonflammability, and nontoxicity. Its polar character as a solvent is intermediate between a truly nonpolar solvent such as hexane and a weakly polar solvent. Moreover, COj also has a large molecular quadrupole. Therefore, it has some limited affinity with polar solutes. To improve its affinity, additional species are often introduced into the solvent as modifiers. For instance, methanol increases C02 s polarity, aliphatic hydrocarbons decrease it, toluene imparts aromaticity, R-2-butanol adds chirality, and tributyl phosphate enhances the solvation of metal complexes. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons include three major groups alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all the bonds are single bonds, alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond, and alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of the three classes of aliphatic hydrocarbons are the two-carbon componnds ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. 

The theoretical air required for the oxidation of toluene to benzoic add, 1.5 mols of oxygen per mol of tolnene, amounts to about 30 cn. ft. of air measured at 20° C. (6S° F.) and one atmosphere, per pound of toluene oxidized. Similarly, the theoretical air for oxidation to bcnzalcle-hyde amounts to 20 cu. ft. per pound of tolnene oxidized. The explosive limits of toluene at ordinary pressures and temperatures as measured in narrow tubes or small vessels are lower limit, 0.003375 lbs. toluene per cu. ft. air (296.5 cu. ft. air per lb. toluene) and upper limit, 0.01927 lbs. toluene per cu. ft. air (52 cu. ft. air per lb. toluene).1151 In the case of the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons as methane and ethane it is well known that the explosive or inflammability limits widen with rise in temperature so that it could well be expected that mixtures of toluene and air leaner than the one given for the lower limit and richer than the one for the upper limit would become inflammable as the temperature becomes higher. The same is true for increase in size of the explosion chamber. Hence, although theoretical mixtures of toluene and air for formation of benzaldehyde and benzoic acid lie on the rich side of the inflammable range,... 

Sodium tetraethylborate is a white, crystalline compound of m.p. 145°. The light-sensitive and highly hygroscopic salt is insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and poorly soluble in cold benzene or toluene. It is readily soluble in diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and diglyme. Aqueous solutions react distinctly alkaline and liberate 1 mole of ethane on acidification. 

Catalytic aromatisation of aliphatic hydrocarbons was first described by researchers at Mobil.2s In this process, termed M-2 forming , alkanes from ethane to high boiling point naphthalenes can be aromatised. The most effective catalyst for aromatisation was found to be the medium pore HZSM-5.26 Large pore zeolite and amorphous silica-alumina with broad pore size distributions gave only low yields of aromatics due to rapid coke formation. 

Ethane - An alkane (saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon) with two carbon atoms, CH3CH3. A colorless, odorless, flammable gas. Relatively inactive chemically. Obtained from natural gas. Used in petrochemical synthesis and as fuel. 

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