Ethane hydrocarbon chain

Ethyl alcohol, the common name of ethanol, also indicates attachment of the —OH group to the ethane hydrocarbon chain. To name the alkane chain as a group, replace the final -e with -yl, so that ethane becomes ethyl, thus ethyl alcohol for CH3CH2OH. It is often the case that the common name of one compound, alcohol in this case, will provide the generic name for a complete class of compounds that is, all alcohols contain at least one —OH group. 

Technological applications have been found for the oxathietane 1,1-dioxides. Ethane ) -sultones (19) substituted with long, saturated hydrocarbon chains have been developed as foam-producing surfactants and detergents. Attention is being given to the fluorinated sultones (20), especially by Soviet... 

In Chapter 9, the displacement of an iodide ion from methyl iodide by a hydroxide ion (Eq. 9-76) was considered. Can we similarly displace a methyl group from ethane, CH3-CH3, to break the C-C bond and form CH3OH The answer is no. Ethane is perfectly stable in sodium hydroxide and is not cleaved by a simple displacement process within our bodies. Likewise, long hydrocarbon chains such as those in the fatty acids cannot be broken by a corresponding process during metabolism of fatty acids. Not every structure will allow a nucleophilic displacement reaction to occur and not every anion or neutral base can act to displace another group. 

The equilibria (relative stabilities) and equilibration (rate of interconversion) of the rotational conformations of ethane and butane were discussed in Section 5-2. If you review this material, it will be clear that forming a ring from a hydrocarbon chain will greatly reduce the number of possible staggered and eclipsed conformations. 

Note how the names of alcohols are obtained by replacing the final e of the name of the parent hydrocarbon by the suffix -ol. Thus, we get ethanol from ethane and methanol from methane. Alcohols can also be named by regarding the hydrocarbon chain as a group attached to the rest of the molecule. To name an alkane as a group, replace the ending by -yl, as in —CH3, methyl, and —CH2CH3, ethyl. Thus, CH,CH2OH is also called ethyl alcohol. 

Carbon atoms are well known for their tendency to link together to form the millions of organic molecules that are known. We can work out the simpler hydrocarbon chains by looking at each central atom separately. Thus ethene consists of two plane-trigonal CH2 units joined together, whereas ethane is essentially two CH3 tetrahedra joined end-to-end. 

The reverse micelles refer to the aggregates of surfactants formed in nonpolar solvents, in which the polar head groups of the surfactants point inward while the hydrocarbon chains project outward into the nonpolar solvent (Fig. 7) [101-126], Their cmc depends on the nonpolar solvent used. The cmc of aerosol-OT (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, AOT) in a hydrocarbon solvent is about 0.1 mM [102]. The AOT reverse micelle is fairly monodisperse with aggregation number around 20 and is spherical with a hydrodynamic radius of 1.5 nm. No salt effect is observed for NaCl concentration up to 0.4 M. Apart from liquid hydrocarbons, recently several microemulsions are reported in supercritical fluids such as ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide [111-113]. 

Let us now discuss the structure of a reverse micelle. As the name suggests it has a structural arrangement exactly opposite to that of a micelle. Reverse micelles generally refer to aggregates of surficants (e.g., dioctyl sulfosuccinate, AOT) formed in a non-polar solvent. In this situation, the polar headgroups of the surficants point inward (core) and the hydrocarbon chains project outward into the non-polar solvent [3]. The solvent one uses for reverse micelle formation is usually liquid hydrocarbons. Recently the formation of reverse micelles in supercritical fluids such as ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide has been observed. 

Aldehydes can be named as the longest hydrocarbon chain (includes the carbonyl carbon atom) and affixing the suffix al to the hydrocarbon name. No number is assigned to the aldehyde functional group since by definition it is attached to the terminal carbon atom. However, numbers are assigned to any alkyl or other group attached to the main hydrocarbon chain. Formaldehyde is methanal, acetaldehyde is ethanal, propionaldehyde is propanal, n-bu-tyraldehyde is -butanal, and isobutyraldehyde is 2-methyl propanal. The common names of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyral-dehyde, and isobutyraldehyde are most often encountered in the chemical industry. The CAS numbers (Chemical Abstract Service, American Chemical Society) for the aldehydes are listed in Table 9.1 along with the physical properties. The CAS numbers refer to the major aldehyde component. Refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for CAS numbers of any minor impurities in the solvent. 

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