Boiling hydrocarbons

Note 1. Commercial pentane may contain traces of higher boiling hydrocarbons and should therefore be distilled. 

The reaction is again most successful with phenol and indole derivatives. Reaction con-litions are also quite mild. Phosphorus oxychloride may be used in refluxing chloroform or ligher boiling hydrocarbons. Duration of the reaction is usually less than 6 hours (T. Kameta-li, 1977 A E.E. van Tamelen, 1969). 

Friedel-Crafts acids such as AlCl, AIBr. (molten), or AIBr. (ia CS2 or low boiling hydrocarbon solvents) were found to be useful ia the... 

Beryllium Hydride. BeryUium hydride [13597-97-2] is an amorphous, colorless, highly toxic polymeric soHd (H = 18.3%) that is stable to water but hydroly2ed by acid (8). It is insoluble in organic solvents but reacts with tertiary amines at 160°C to form stable adducts, eg, (R3N-BeH2 )2 (9). It is prepared by continuous thermal decomposition of a di-/-butylberylhum-ethyl ether complex in a boiling hydrocarbon (10). 

The bottoms, consisting of absorption oil, absorbed propane, and higher boiling hydrocarbons, are fed to the lean-oil fractionator. The LPG and the natural gas Hquids are removed as the overhead product from the absorption oil which is removed as a ketde-bottom product. 

The overhead product from the lean-oil fractionator, consisting of propane and heavier hydrocarbons, enters the depropanizer. The depropanizer overhead product is treated to remove sulfur and water to provide specification propane. The depropanizer bottoms, containing butane and higher boiling hydrocarbons, enters the debutanizer. Natural gasoHne is produced as a bottom product from the debutanizer. The debutanizer overhead product is mixed butanes, which are treated for removal of sulfur and water, then fed iato the butane spHtter. Isobutane is produced as an overhead product from the spHtter and / -butane is produced as a bottoms product. 

Titanium Phosphorous Containing Chelates. The reaction of a mixture of mono (alkyl) diacid orthophosphate, di(alkyl)monoacid orthophosphate, and TiCl in a high boiling hydrocarbon solvent such as heptane, with nitrogen-assisted evolution of Hberated HCl, gives a mixture of titanium tetra(mixed alkylphosphate)esters, (H0)(R0)0=P0) Ti(0P=0(0R)2)4 in heptane solution (100). A similar mixture can be prepared by the addition of two moles of P2O5 to mole of TiCl in the presence of six moles of alcohol ... 

Titanium—Vanadium Mixed Metal Alkoxides. Titanium—vanadium mixed metal alkoxides, VO(OTi(OR)2)2, are prepared by reaction of titanates, eg, TYZOR TBT, with vanadium acetate ia a high boiling hydrocarbon solvent. The by-product butyl acetate is distilled off to yield a product useful as a catalyst for polymeri2iag olefins, dienes, styrenics, vinyl chloride, acrylate esters, and epoxides (159,160). 

Absorption of pollutant gases is accomplished by using a selective liquid in a wet scrubber, packed tower, or bubble tower. Pollutant gases commonly controlled by absorption include sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, and low-boiling hydrocarbons. 

Gravity of a boiling hydrocarbon liquid mixture at all pressures ... 

The BASF Process. Styrene is blended with a low boiling hydrocarbon and then polymerised. The product is chipped. The chips are then converted into expanded polymer as in method (4) described in detail below. 

It can also be prepd by the catalytic reforming of other low-boiling hydrocarbons (ethane to butane) (Ref 3)... 

About half of the styrene produced is polymerized to polystyrene, an easily molded, low-cost thermoplastic that is somewhat brittle. Foamed polystyrene can be made by polymerizing it in the presence of low-boiling hydrocarbons, which cause bubbles of gas in the solid polymer after which it migrates out and evaporates. Modification and property enhancement of polystyrene-based plastics can be readily accomplished by copolymerization with other substituted ethylenes (vinyl monomers) for example, copolymerization with butadiene produces a widely used synthetic rubber. 

Certain alkylated ammonium, phosphonium, or sulfonium compounds are effective, in relatively low concentrations, in interfering with the growth of gas hydrate crystals [972] and therefore are useful in inhibiting plugging by gas hydrates in conduits containing low-boiling hydrocarbons and water. For example, tetrabutylammonium bromide will be active. Gas hydrate or ice formation is further inhibited in lines by adding amino acids or amino alcohols [523]. 

In the last reaction, low-boiling hydrocarbons are used as a solvent, and because the sodium alkyls are predominantly ionic, they are relatively insoluble. Alkyls of other group IA metals (shown as M in the equation) can also be produced by this type of reaction, in which benzene is a frequently used solvent. 

Myers, H.S., Fenske, M.R. (1955) Measurement and correlation of vapor pressure data for high boiling hydrocarbons, hid. Eng. Chem. 47, 1652-1658. 

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