Hydraulic power tools

Hydraulic power tools must use only approved fire- resistant fluid that retains its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed. The manufacturer s recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes, filters, and other fittings must not be exceeded. 

All jacks (lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks) must have a device that stops them from jacking up too high. Also, the manufacturer s load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and should not be exceeded. A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must immediately be blocked up. Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure. If the lift surface is metal, place a one-inch-thick hardwood block or equivalent between it and the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage. To set up a jack, make certain of the following  

Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be inspected before each use and lubricated regularly. If a jack is sulgected to an abnormal load or shock, it should be thoroughly examined to make sure it has not been damaged. Hydraulic jacks exposed to fieezing temperatures must be filled with an adequate antifi eeze liquid. 

The side rails ofthrough- or side-step fixed ladders must extend 42 inches above the top level or landing platform served by the ladder. Parapet ladders must have an access level at the roof if the parapet is cut to permit passage through it if the parapet is continuous, the access level is the top of the parapet. Steps or rungs for thiDugh-fixed-ladder extensions must be omitted fiom the extension and the extension of side rails must be flared to provide between 24 inches and 30 inches of clearance between side rails. When safely devices are provided, the maximum clearance distance between side-rail extensions must not exceed 36 inches. 

Cages must not extend less than 27 inches, or more than 30 inches fiom the centerline of the step or rung, and must not be less than 27 inches wide. The inside of the cage must be clear of projections. Horizontal bands must be lastened to the side rails of rail ladders or directly to the stmcture, building, or equipment for individual-rung ladders. Horizontal bands must be spaced at intervals not more than 4 feet apart, measured from centerline to centerline. Vertical bars must be on the inside of the horizontal bands and must be fastened to them. Vertical bars must be spaced at intervals not more than 9 1/2 inches, measured centerline to centerline. 

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It may be impracticable to supply the more powerful hand tools, such as large angle grinders, at extra-low voltage, so section 606-04-04 allows the use of higher voltage tools protected by electrical separation. As already observed, pneumatic or hydraulically powered tools are an alternative. 

Today, hydraulic power is used to operate many different tools and mechanisms. In a garage, a mechanic raises the end of an automobile with a hydraulic jack. Dentists and barbers use hydraulic power to lift and position their chairs. Hydraulic doorstops keep heavy doors from slamming. Hydraulic brakes have been standard equipment on automobiles since the 1930s. Most automobiles are equipped with automatic transmissions... 

With the common availability of hydraulic power in the middle of the 20th century, the force necessary to form metal began to be supplied by hydraulic systems. With electric motors turning the tool and hydraulic force forming the material, the limits on spinning were removed. Thickness and material limitations were now only limited by the size of the lathe and the power of the hydraulic system. However, the process was still under the control of the operator. 

Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used. There are several types of power tools, based on the power source they use electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated. Employees should be trained in the use of all tools (not just power tools). They should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to prevent hazards from occurring. The following general precautions should be observed by power tool users ... 

First-principles (ab-initio) calculation can be a powerful tool to analyze and predict the hydraulic activity of cement clinker compounds at atomic level. These calculations anploy no other statistical assumptions and phenomena-based calculation model. These calculations directly solve either Schrodinger s equation or a Schrodinger-like equation at the quantum level. 

In confined and conductive locations the potential electric shock hazard is increased and special precautions are needed. Examples of confined, conductive spaces are inside boilers and other metal vessels or inside metal pipes, flues and ducts where the area of body contact to earthed metalwork is likely to be substantial. Even if the interior is dry, the shock risk is enhanced, but if it is damp it is worse. In these circumstances the llOV system is not considered safe and pneumatic, hydraulic or battery powered tools are advocated. For lighting, battery powered cap and hand lamps could be used or the luminaires could be supplied from a safety transformer at not more... 

This subpart addresses the need for properly guarded power tools. It discusses the areas where guarding is required and the types of guards that should be used, as well as the proper protective equipment to be used, when tools create such hazards as flying materials. The power tools that are covered by the regulation include electrical, pneumatic, fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated powered tools. These tools are to be secured if maintained in a flxed place and all electrically powered equipment must be effectively grounded. Special attention is given to abrasive wheels and tools. Some special requirements exist for powder-actuated tools. 

Operate various types of heavy equipment and tools, including excavation equipment, dump trucks, tank trucks, crane trucks, vacuums, hydraulic and air power tools, saws, compaction equipment, shoring systems and other miscellaneous types of tools. 

Over the years the performance standards of hydraulic equipment have risen. Whereas a pressure of about 1000 psi used to be adequate for industrial hydraulic systems, nowadays systems operating with pressures of 2000-3500psi are common. Pressures above 5000psi are to be found in applications such as large presses for which suitable high-pressure pumps have been developed. Additionally, systems have to provide increased power densities, more accurate response, better reliability and increased safety. Their use in numerically controlled machine tools and other advanced control systems creates the need for enhanced filtration. Full flow filters as fine as 1-10 micron retention capabilities are now to be found in many hydraulic systems. 

The use of hydraulic systems for the setting, operation and control of machine tools has increased significantly. Hydraulic mechanisms being inter-linked with electronic controls and/or feedback control systems. In machine tools, hydraulic systems have the advantage of providing stepless and vibration-less transfer of power. They are particularly suitable for the linear movement of tables and slideways, to which a hydraulic piston may be directly coupled. 

Power presses are used where high rates of production are required. A power press may be identified by the design of the frame and its capacity - i.e. the maximum force capable of being delivered at the work, e.g. 500kN ( 50 tons ). The source of power may be mechanical or hydraulic. Different types of press are available in a wide range of capacities, the choice depending on the type of operation, the force required for the operation and the size and type of tooling used. 

Catuneanu, VM., Popenpiu, R 1989. Optimization of the system s reliability. Bucharest Editor of Academy Pang H., Chen L., Dlakavu N Shen Z., Basic Modeling and simulation Tool for Analysis of Hydraulic Transients in Hydroelectric Power Plants, IEEE Transactions, on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 834-842, September 2008... 

Power sources for the tools. Most often, this is electricity but can be air or hydraulics. 

The power source may add to the inherent hazards of a tool or machine itself. For example, electrical power brings certain hazards (discussed in Chapter 12). Combustible fuels, explosives, hydraulics, and pneumatics each bring additional hazard to the tools and machines they power. Machines and tools may create noise hazards, produce air contaminants, get hot, or create other hazards. 

What additional hazards do power sources (such as gasoline, electricity, compressed air, or hydraulic fluid) add to tools and machines beside the hazard of the tool and machine actions ... 

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