Safely Recommendations

It follows that the project can be safely recommended (remember there are 5% contingencies in both plant cost and production cost calculations), but that there may well be better ways to invest 84 millions. A lot will then depend on any other reasons that there might be to want to... 

Pj-blockers are sufficiently selective to be safely recommended in asthma. Bisoprolol and nebivolol may be exceptions that can be tried at low doses in patients with mild asthma and a strong indication for p blockade. There are unlikely ever to be satisfactory safety data to support such use. The main practical use of Pj-selective blockade is in diabetics where P2-receptors mediate both the symptoms of hypoglycaemia and the counter-regulatory metabolic responses that reverse the hypoglycaemia. 

There are very few situations in which levonorgestrel EHC cannot be safely recommended. The only contraindications are ... 

Methabarbital is mostly demethylated to barbital in vivo. Also it possesses more sedating property than phenobarbital, it could be safely recommended for grand mal seizures. 

It is broadly and safely recommended for the symptomatic management of pain and fever however, it has no antiinflammatory activity. 

The number of breaths required to empty a spacer obviously depends on the size of the patient and the spacer. The aerosol empties from a spacer in an exponential manner, since inhaled aerosol is replaced by air thns dilating the remaining aerosol. Adults may empty a spacer in one to two inhalations, whereas in laboratory studies in which ventilators were nsed to mimick the breathing of toddlers, commonly used spacers for young children were emptied in two to four breaths (25). A safe recommendation wonld be to snggest 10 breaths in infants, 5 breaths in toddlers and 2 slow deep inhalations in older children and adnlts. 

A number of DFT calculations investigating the performance of a variety of functionals were performed for three complex anions of vanadium(V) with tartrato ligands. As expected, one can hardly find a universal DFT method to equally well describe structures together with the spectral properties. Our further aim was to complement the experimentally available data for 1, 2, and 3 [16, 17]. Hence, we have confronted the results with those experiments. Strac-tural parameters have been fairly well described using the BP86 functional which can be safely recommended for further computations of a similar kind as a good compromise between the cost-effectiveness and accuracy. Consequently, the vibrational energy distribution analysis confirmed and/ or complemented the measured spectral data. 

Eveready sealed secondary nickel-cadmium cells and batteries are now widely used as a rechargeable power source in many different types of portable or cordless ele trical appliance. Charging at the safe recommended C/10 ratd has proved satisfactory for recharging the cells or batteries used in many of these appliances, such as toothbrushes, shavers, etc., where relatively long rest periods between uses are possible. However, there is now a demand for the use of sealed nickel-cadmium cells and batteries in other applianees, such as chain saws, electronic flashes, portable drills and professional hair elippers, where the rest periods between uses of the applianees are mueh shorter eonsequently shorter reeharging times, from about 3h to about 1 h, that is, C/3 to C/1 rates, are required. 

If applicable, reconfiguration of the systems from the injection mode to the recirculation mode should be automatic. Manual actuation should be contemplated only when there is adequate time available to the operator to perform the actuation safely. Recommendations and guidance on adequate time for operator action are provided in Ref. [9]. 

This reaction AHlgg = —203.1 kJ) is very fast and therefore one of the main sinks of CH3 radicals in flame propagation in addition to CH3 recombination and combination with H atoms. Consequently, flame propagation is rather sensitive to the rate coefficients of this step (Fig. 4). Though this is a radical-radical reaction, there is a considerable amount of experimental information available in the literature, enabling a relatively safe recommendation (Fig. 32). 

Diazomethane. CA UTION. Diazomethane is highly toxic its pre paration should be carried out only in a fume cupboard (hood) provided with a powerful exhaust system. The use of a screen of safely glass is recommended. 

Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The free element has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb, which is below the safe working level. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 1 ppm. 

In general, the acute toxicity of halogenated flame retardants is quite low. Tables 11—14 contain acute toxicity information from various manufacturers material safety data sheets (MSDS) for some of the flame retardants and intermediates Hsted in the previous tables. The latest MSDS should always be requested from the suppHer in order to be assured of having up-to-date information about the toxicity of the products as well as recommendations regarding safe handling. 

Handling and Safety Factors. Oxygen difluoride can be handled easily and safely in glass and in common metals such as stainless steel, copper, aluminum. Monel, and nickel, from cryogenic temperatures to 200°C (4). At higher temperatures only nickel and Monel are recommended. The compatibihty of OF2 with process equipment depends largely on the cleanliness of the equipment contaminants such as dkt, moisture, oil, grease, scale... 

Synthetic fluids are safe, noncorrosive, essentially nontoxic, and thermally stable when operated under conditions recommended by the manufacturers. Generally, these fluids are more expensive than petroleum oils, but the synthetics can usually be reprocessed to remove degradation products. There are several classes of chemicals offered permitting a wide temperature range of appHcation. Any heat-transfer fluid in use should be examined periodically to monitor degradation or contamination. 

Plasticizer esters are relatively iaert, thermally stable Hquids with high flash points and low volatihty. Consequently they can be stored safely ia mild steel storage tanks or dmms for extended periods of time. Exposure to high temperatures for extended periods, as encountered ia dmms ia hot climates, is not recommended since it may lead to a deterioration in product quaUty with respect to color, odor, and electrical resistance. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), under the Department of Health and Human Services, works with OSHA. It is NIOSH s responsibihty to determine safe exposure limits for chemical substances and to recommend to OSHA that these limits be adopted as standards. 

Horn omen thyl saUcylate (homosalate), employed as a sunscreen agent, is on a Hst of 21 compounds for OTC sunscreen products, recommended by the FDA advisory review panel on OTC bum and sunburn prevention as both "safe and effective" (30). Menthyl saUcylate (6) is also a sunscreen agent. 

Sodium Intake. Where salt is readily available, most of the world s population chooses to consume about 6,000—11,000 mg of salt or sodium chloride a day so that average daily sodium intake from all sources is 3,450 mg (8,770 mg NaCl) (13). The U.S. EDA s GRAS review puts the amount of naturally occurring sodium in the American diet at 1000—1500 mg/d, equivalent to the amount of sodium in approximately 2500—3800 mg NaCl. Thus the average daily intake of NaCl from food-grade salt used in food processing (qv) and from salt added in cooking or at the table is from 4960—6230 mg NaCl. The requirement for salt in the diet has not been precisely estabUshed, but the safe and adequate intake for adults is reported as 1875—5625 mg (14). The National Academy of Sciences recommends that Americans consume a minimum of 500 mg/d of sodium (1250 mg/d salt) (6,15). 

Polyurethanes. These polymers can be considered safe for human use. However, exposure to dust, generated in finishing operations, should be avoided. Ventilation, dust masks, and eye protection are recommended in foam fabrication operations. Polyurethane or polyisocyanurate dust may present an explosion risk under certain conditions. Airborne concentrations of 25—30 g/m are required before an explosion occurs. Inhalation of thermal decomposition products of polyurethanes should be avoided because carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide are among the many products present. 

Influenza. Although current influenza vaccine (subunit spHt vaccine) has been in use yearly for the elderly, it is not recommended for the general population or infants. Improvements to increase or prolong the immunogenicity, reduce the side-effects (due to egg production procedure), and provide mass protection are stiU being pursued. One approach is to use a five, attenuated vims though cold adaptation. A vaccine has been used in Russia and demonstrated to be safe and efficacious for infants (82). Clinical trials for a similar vaccine are being carried out in the United States (83). 

Toxicity Data on Af- Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone. Results of a chronic inhalation study in rats warrant a review of industrial hygiene practices to assure that VP vapor concentrations are maintained at a safe level. One of the manufacturers, ISP, recommends that an appropriate workplace exposure limit be set at 0.1 ppm (vapor) (9). Additionally, normal hygienic practices and precautions are recommended, such as prompt removal from skin and avoidance of ingestion. In case of accidental eye contact, immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Refer to the manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets for more detailed information. Table 3 provides some toxicity data. 

Along with increasing evidence of health benefits from consumption of vitamins at levels much higher than RE) A recommendations comes concern over potential toxicity. This topic has been reviewed (19). Like all chemical substances, a toxic level does exist for each vitarnin. Traditionally it has been assumed that all water-soluble vitamins are safe at any level of intake and all fat-soluble vitamins are toxic, especially at intakes more than 10 times the recommended allowances. These assumptions are now known to be incorrect. Very high doses of some water-soluble vitamins, especially niacin and vitamin B, are associated with adverse effects. In contrast, evidence indicates that some fat-soluble micronutrients, especially vitamin E, are safe at doses many times higher than recommended levels of intake. Chronic intakes above the RDA for vitamins A and D especially are to be avoided, however. 

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