Human killer cells

Hikami K, Tsuchiya N, Yabe T, Tokunaga K. Variations of human killer cell lectin-like receptors common occurrence of NKG2-C deletion in the general population. Genes Immun 2003 4(2) 160-167. 

Some of the biological killing activities of hydrogen peroxide may be attributed to interferon. Production of interferon by human killer cells and monocytes is stimulated by hydrogen peroxide. 

Olcese L, Cambiaggi A, Semenzato G, Bottino C, Moretta A, Vivier E (1997) Human killer cell activatory receptors for MHC class I molecules are included in a multimeric complex expressed by natural killer cells. J Immunol 158 5083-5086... 

DiaZepin Nucleosides. Four naturally occurring dia2epin nucleosides, coformycin (58), 2 -deoxycoformycin (59), adechlorin or 2 -chloro-2 -deoxycoformycin (60), and adecypenol (61), have been isolated (1—4,174,175). The biosynthesis of (59) and (60) have been reported to proceed from adenosine and C-1 of D-ribose (30,176,177). They are strong inhibitors of adenosine deaminase and AMP deaminase (178). Compound (58) protects adenosine and formycin (12) from deamination by adenosine deaminase. Advanced hairy cell leukemia has shown rapid response to (59) with or without a-or P-interferon treatment (179—187). In addition, (59) affects interleukin-2 production, receptor expression on human T-ceUs, DNA repair synthesis, immunosuppression, natural killer cell activity, and cytokine production (188—194). 

Studies of the effects of in vitro exposure to a range of concentrations (encompassing environmentally relevant concentrations of monobutyltin, dibutyltin, and tributyltin) on human natural killer lymphocytes obtained from adult male and female donors revealed the presence of detectable concentrations of the butyltins in all the donors, indicating possible exposure of natural killer cells to butyltins in the blood. It was suggested that the study provided evidence that butyltin compounds significantly inhibit natural killer cell function and possible natural killer cell-mediated potential in humans (Whalen etal, 1999). 

Whalen MM, Loganathan BG, Kannan K(1999) Immunotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of butyltins on human natural killer cells in vitro. Environmental Research, 81(2) 108-116. 

ZHANG Y, SONG T T, CUNNICK J E, MURPHY p A and HENDRICH s (1999a) Daidzein and genistein glucuronides in vitro are weakly estrogenic and activate human natural killer cells in nutritionally relevant concentrations. /iVMr 129 (2) 399-405. 

The sterols and sterolins in rice bran are potent immunomodulators. The best response was obtained with a 100 1 sterol/sterolin mixture that demonstrated T-cell proliferation from 20% to 920% and active cell antigens after four weeks in human subjects (Bouic et al, 1996). Another in vitro experimental study with sterol/sterolins, demonstrated a significant increase in cytokinines, interleukin-2 and y-interferon between 17% and 41 % in addition to an increase in natural killer cell activity. These experiments (Bouic et al, 1996) prove that sterol/sterolins are potent immunomodulators with important implications for the treatment of immune dysfunction. Rice bran products are excellent dietary supplements for the improvement of immune function. It is probable that the effects of rice bran on diabetes, CVD and cancer all result from improved immune function. 

Morohashi H, Miyawaki T, Nomura H, et al. Expression of both types of human interleukin-8 receptors on mature neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer cells. J Leukoc Biol 1995 57(1) 180-187. 

The CB2 receptor has a more limited distribution, being localized predominantly in the immune system. Among the human leukocytes, B lymphocytes express the highest levels of CB2, followed respectively by natural killer cells, monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, T8 lymphocytes, and T4 lymphocytes. It is also found in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus (Cabral, 1999). 

Immunotoxicity. The data in humans are limited to a few studies of immune function in lead workers and a study of firearm instructors. In both type of studies, inhalation is assumed to be the primary route of exposure. One study reported significant suppression of IgA levels (Ewers et al. 1982). Another study indicated that serum immunoglobulin levels were not significantly altered (Alomran and Shleamoon 1988). Another large study examined several parameters of immune function (serum immunoglobulins, PHA response, and natural killer cell activity) and found no differences in exposed workers and controls (Kimber et al. 1986b). The study of firearm instructors found functional impairment of cell-mediated immunity in subjects with PbB levels >25 pg/dL (Fischbein et al. 1993). A recent study that evaluated a... 

Hitzl M, Drescher S, van der KH, SCHAFFELER E, FlSCHER J, SCHWAB M et al. The C3435T mutation in the human MDR1 gene is associated with altered efflux of the P-glycoprotein substrate rho-damine 123 from CD56+ natural killer cells. Pharmacogenetics 2001 11 (4) 293— 298. 

Human sperm chromosomes retain a high fertilizing ability after a high dose of X-irradiation, although mammalian spermatozoa have little capacity to repair DNA damage induced by radiation (Kamiguchi et al. 1990). Radiation-induced death of lymphoid cells in rats is associated with damage to the cell itself but may also be due to secretions from irradiation-activated natural killer cells that induce pycnosis and interphase death in lymphoid cells (Eidus et al. 1990). 

Orange, J.S., Human natural killer cell deficiencies and susceptibility to infection, Microbes Infect., 4, 1545, 2002. 

Whiteside, T.L., Herberman, R.B., The role of natural killer cells in human disease, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 53, 1, 1989. 

Robertson, M J. and Ritz, J., Biology and clinical relevance of human natural killer cells, Blood, 76, 2421, 1990. 

Yeager, M.P. et al., Effect of morphine and P-endorphin on human Fc receptor-dependent and natural killer cell functions, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 62, 336, 1992. 

Gan, X.H. et al., Mechanism of activation of human peripheral blood NK cells at the single cell level by Echinacea water soluble extracts Recruitment of lymphocyte-target conjugates and killer cells and activation of programming for lysis, Int Immunopharmacol, 3, 811, 2003. 

Harker, W.G., et al., Human tumor cell line resistance to chemotherapeutic agents does not predict resistance to natural killer or lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytolysis, Cancer. Res. 50, 18, 5931, 1990. 

Several cytokines have been characterized at the molecular level in different species of marine mammals (Table 23.2). In addition, limited evidence exists for conserved functionality of cytokines in marine mammals, such as the ability of human recombinant IL-2 to stimulate T cell proliferation [32, 33] and natural killer cell activity [39,40] in beluga whales and harbor seals. Assays were developed to quantify circulating levels of cytokines [41,42], as well as C-reactive protein, a marker of acute inflammation [43],... 

M. M. Corsi, H. H. Maes, K. Wasserman, A. Fulgenzi, G. Gaja, M. E. Ferrero, Protection by L-2-Oxothiazohdine-4-carboxyhc Acid of Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced CD3 and CD 162 Chain Down-Regulation in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells , Biochem. Pharmacol. 1998, 56, 657 - 662. 

Except for CD40, NK cell subsets showed different expression of killer-inhibitory receptors and costimulatory molecules between the polyal-lergic and healthy subjects. The study demonstrates that human NK cells comprise distinct receptor-expressing and cytokine-producing subsets similar to Thl and Th2 cells. These subsets of NK cells show differences in surface KIR receptors and costimulatory receptors and interfere with immunoglobulin regulation [34]. 

Jonges L-E, Albertsson P, van Vlierberghe RL, Ensink NG, Johansson BR, van de Velde CJ, Fleuren GJ, Nannmark U, Kuppen PJ The phenotypic heterogeneity of human natural killer cells presence of at least 48 different subsets in the peripheral blood. Scand J Immunol 2001 53 103-110. 

Cooper M-A, Fehniger TA, Cahgiuri MA The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol 2001 22 633-640. 

Frag S-S, Caligiuri MA Human natural killer cell development and biology. Blood Rev 2006 20 123-137. 

Baume D-M, Robertson MJ, Levine H, Manley TJ, Schow PW, Ritz J Differential responses to interleukin-2 define functionally distinct subsets of human natural killer cells. Fur J Immunol 1992 22 1-6. 

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