Natural killer cell subsets

Cooper M-A, Fehniger TA, Cahgiuri MA The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol 2001 22 633-640. 

Carson W-E, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA CDSe " natural killer cell subsets characterization of distinct functional responses to interleukin-2 and the c-kit ligand. Fur J Immunol 1997 27 354-360. 

C2. Caligiuri, M. A., Zmuidzinas, A., Manley, T. J., Levine, H., Smith, K. A., and Ritz, J. Functional consequences of interleukin-2 receptor expression on resting human lymphocytes. Identification of a novel natural killer cell subset with high affinity receptors. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1509-1526 (1990). 

Pasqualetti, D. et al., Lymphocyte T subsets and natural killer cells in Italian and Philippino blood donors, Vox Sang., 84, 68, 2003. 

Novick, D.M. et al., Natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte subsets in parenteral heroin abusers and long-term methadone maintenance patients, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 250, 606, 1989. 

Jonges L-E, Albertsson P, van Vlierberghe RL, Ensink NG, Johansson BR, van de Velde CJ, Fleuren GJ, Nannmark U, Kuppen PJ The phenotypic heterogeneity of human natural killer cells presence of at least 48 different subsets in the peripheral blood. Scand J Immunol 2001 53 103-110. 

Baume D-M, Robertson MJ, Levine H, Manley TJ, Schow PW, Ritz J Differential responses to interleukin-2 define functionally distinct subsets of human natural killer cells. Fur J Immunol 1992 22 1-6. 

Cooper M-A, Fehniger TA, Turner SC, Chen KS, Ghaheri BA, Ghayur T, Carson WE, Caligiuri MA Human natural killer cells a unique innate immunoregula-tory role for the CD56 < subset. Blood 2001 97 3146-3151. 

Frings W, Weinbauer G. Flow-ytometry-based evaluation of lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cell activity in developing and adult cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicologist 2004 78(1-S) 430. 

A1 Jarad N, Macey M, Uthayakumar S, et al. 1992. Lymphocyte subsets in subjects exposed to asbestos Changes in circulating natural killer cells. Br J Ind Med 49(11) 811-814. 

Tsang PH, Chu FN, Fischbein A, et al. 1988. Impairments in functional subsets of T-suppressor (CD8) lymphocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells among asbestos-exposed workers. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 47 323-332. 

Null cells are a separate subset of lymphocytes that lack surface markers of B or T origin. These cells, also referred to as large granular lymphocytes, are thought to perform functions such as direct cytotoxicity to foreign entities, and they act either alone (natural killer cells) or in concert with immunoglobulin (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity). (Further details regarding lymphocytes are found in Chap. 84, on the immune system.)... 

Felgar RE, Macon WR, Kinney MC, et al. TIA-1 expression in lymphoid neoplasms. Identification of subsets with cytotoxic T lymphocyte or natural killer cell differentiation. Am J Pathol. 1997 150 1893-1900. 

Probably due to the narrow interstitium of the lung, lymphocytes had been overlooked in this area for a long time. In the rabbit, Schwarz (1963) described oval to spindle-shaped lymphoid cells with plumpy projections. Holt et al. (1986) carefully isolated, quantified and characterised lymphocytes in the interstitium of the human lung. For the whole lung interstitium a total of about 10 lymphocytes were calculated, which is equivalent to the lymphocyte number in the circulating blood pool in humans. In the interstitium of the human lung natural killer cells (NK cells) have also been identified (Weissler et al. 1987). The lymphocytes in the interstitial pool of the rat revealed a subset composition different from that in the peripheral blood (Fliegert et al. 1995). 

Impaired immunity was one of the earliest effects described for vitamin A deficiency. Numerous abnormalities have been described. A dysregulation of T cell functions has been implicated in many abnormal immune responses, as vitamin A-deficient animals often have reduced T cell counts and an altered pattern of differentiation markers on T cell subsets. The response of T cells to antigens and mitogens tends to be low. Similarly, the functional capacity of cytotoxic cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and macrophages is often low. Numerous alterations have been documented in the production of cytokines that regulate T cell... 

The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is important in that the cytokine IL-2, secreted by a subset of T-helper cells, enhances the proliferation of activated T and B cells and increases the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and the secretion of IgG. 

Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells are presently the cell types most widely utilized in cardiac stem cell therapy. A heterogeneous subset, termed autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (ABMMNCs), is composed of small amounts of stromal or MSCs, HPCs, EPCs, and more committed cell lineages, such as natural killer lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and others [2]. 

The various organs of the immune system such as spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and bone marrow containing the cells involved in the various immune responses offer the possibility to harvest these cells and perform in vitro assays for evaluation of effects on the immune system. When part of an in vivo animal study this may indicate a direct toxic effect of pharmaceuticals, that is, immunosuppression (Table 18.2). So, it is feasible to obtain cell suspensions for further evaluation such as determination of cellular subsets of T and B leukocytes by fluorescent activated cell sorter analysis (FACS analysis), and determination of natural killer (NK) cell activity of the spleen cell population. An advantage of this approach is that it may lead to identification of a biomarker to be used in clinical studies. In addition, in vitro stimulation of spleen cells with mitogens activating specific subsets may indicate potential effects on the functionality of splenic cell populations. Concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activate Tcells, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates primarily B cell populations. Blood is collected for total white blood cell (WBC) determination and blood cell differential count. In addition, serum can be obtained for determination of serum immunoglobulins. 

Natural killer T cell NKTcell Subset of T cells, upon activation rapidly release large quantities of cytokines... 

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