Natural killer cells development

Horton, J.D., et al., T-cell and natural killer cell development in thymectomized Xenopus. Immunol. Rev., 166, 245, 1998. 

Frag S-S, Caligiuri MA Human natural killer cell development and biology. Blood Rev 2006 20 123-137. 

Vance RE, Jamieson AM, Cado D, Raulet DH. 2002. Implications of CD94 deficiency and monoallelic NKG2A expression for natural killer cell development and repertoire formation. PNAS 99 868-873. 

Boos, M. D., Ramirez, K., and Kee, B. L. 2008. Extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of early natural killer cell development. Immunol Res. 40 193-207. 

Immune system immunostimulating properties, role as super antigen change in the number and distribution of cells in the immime system (increase in the number of macrophages, decline in number of NK cells - natural killer cells) development of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis, hypothyroidism, fibromyalgia formation of antibodies against polymers [24, 31,45,48,60, 66-69]... 

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

Syk and ZAP-70 are early intermediates in the transduction of signals from immune receptors, including the B- and T-cell recqrtors for antigen, activatory natural killer-cell receptors, the mast cell and basophil receptor for IgE, and the widely distributed receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. Immune receptors control checkpoints in lymphocyte development and serve to integrate the responses of innate and acquired immunity. 

Several cytokines have been characterized at the molecular level in different species of marine mammals (Table 23.2). In addition, limited evidence exists for conserved functionality of cytokines in marine mammals, such as the ability of human recombinant IL-2 to stimulate T cell proliferation [32, 33] and natural killer cell activity [39,40] in beluga whales and harbor seals. Assays were developed to quantify circulating levels of cytokines [41,42], as well as C-reactive protein, a marker of acute inflammation [43],... 

Pycnogenol reduces the production of interleukin-6 and restores the activity of natural killer cells in retrovirus-infected animals. Pycnogenol delays the development of immune dysfunctions secondary to retrovirus infection by restoring the imbalanced cytokine secretion by T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells. 

Schematic representation of the hematopoietic cascade in mice and human (hum). All the cells of the hematopoietic system are positive for antigen CD45. Based on this, the dynamics of surface antigen expression along development of different mature cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cell system can be observed. Rounded arrows indicate self-renewal potential. Smooth thinner arrows indicate directions of cellular differentiation. The identification of CDs (clusters definition) and other antigen cell markers are listed in the glossary. (LT-HSC - long term hematopoietic stem cell ST-HSC - short term hematopoietic stem cell MPP - multipotent progenitor CLP - common lymphoid precursor CMP - common myeloid precursor GMP - granulocyte-monocyte precursor MEP - megacaryocyte-erythrocyte precursor T - T lymphocyte B - B lymphocyte NK - natural killer cell DC - dendritic cell).

Recent studies further suggest that LF may have a role in the development and progression of tumors (Tsuda et al., 2002). Orally administered bovine LF has been found to inhibit the development of tumors in the colon, oesophagus and lung carcinogenesis in a rat or mouse model, but the mode of action remains to be resolved (Sekine et al., 1997 Ushida et al., 1999 Kuhara et al., 2000). The anti-tumor activity may be mediated by the enhanced cytokine production or the activating effect on natural killer cells and be independent of the iron-saturation level. 

Frings W, Weinbauer G. Flow-ytometry-based evaluation of lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cell activity in developing and adult cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicologist 2004 78(1-S) 430. 

Prognosis is directly related to the severity of pulmonary injury. Animals that survive the first 24 to 48 h still have a guarded prognosis. These animals are more susceptible to infectious agents as they have suppressed natural killer cell activity. Infections may become evident 3 to 5 days after exposure. Animals may develop chronic exercise intolerance and abnormal pulmonary function (Borak and Diller, 2001). Working dogs and equines may no longer be able to fulfill their fimctions. 

Manetti, R., Parronchi, P., Giudizi, M.G., Piccinni, M.P., Maggi, E, Trinchieri, G. and Romagnani, S. (1993). Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12 [IL-12]) induces T helper type 1 (THl)-specific immune responses and inhibits the development of IL-4-producing Th cells. J. Exp. Med. 177, 1199-1204. 

An examination of mature and precursor cells in the bone marrow and spleen was conducted to determine the activity of Echinacea in these cell s development. After an extract of Echinacea was given to mice for 1- and 2-week periods, populations of natural-killer cells and monocytes were increased in both organs, whereas other hemopoietic and immune cell populations remained at control levels. This study confirmed Echinacea s effectiveness as a... 

Mrozek E, Anderson P, Caligiuri MA. Role of interleukin-15 in the development of human CD56 natural killer cells fi om CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1996 87 2632-40. 

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