Human induced cancer

WS-7528 [132147-69-4][VI] a nonsteroidal estrogen, is an isoflavone which has been isolated from Streptomjces sp. No. 7528 and is an estrogen agonist. It inhibits [3ff]-estradiol binding to its receptor in rat uterine cytosol at an inhibitor for 50% of the rats tested (IC q) concentration of 5.7 nM. It also induces the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell line MCE-7 (7). 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

A2 - Suspected human carcinogens. Chemical substances, or substances associated with industrial process, which are suspect of inducing cancer, based on their limited epidemiological evidence or demonstration of carcinogenesis in one or more animal species by appropriate methods. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been classified as human carcinogens because they induce cancers in experimental animals and because smoking and exposure to mixtures of chemicals containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the workplace increase the risk of lung cancer in exposed individuals. In experimental animals, benzo(a)pyrene induces cancer in different organs depending on the route of administration.Furthermore, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons commonly occurs in occupations related to traffic (use of diesel engines in transportation and railways). 

As stated before, it is not practical to test in the range of such a low incidence. In fact, laboratories conduct animal tests at high doses to increase the likelihood of inducing cancer in a portion of a test population. Thus, to apply the results of animal tests to human exposures, the data from the high doses used in the tests must be extrapolated to the low doses of public concern. 

The test system was considerably less sensitive to endosulfan when mouse ER, rather than human ER, was used to mediate (3-gal activity (Ramamoorthy et al. 1997). In similar assays, endosulfan at 10 jM had no effect on (3-gal activity in yeast Saccharomyces) transfected with either the human or rainbow trout ER (Andersen et al. 1999). In addition, no effect was observed on transcriptional activation of HeLa cells transfected with plasmids containing an estrogen receptor as a responsive element (Shelby et al. 1996). Endosulfan also did not induce transient reporter gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells at an incubation concentration of 2.5 pM (Andersen et al. 1999). Maximum endosulfan-induced ER-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression occurred in vitro in a T47D human breast adenocarcinoma cell line at approximately 10 pM, while 50% expression of luciferase occurred at about 5.9 pM the maximum expression was approximately 59% of the effect from exposure to 0.03 nM estradiol (0.00003 pM) (Legler et al. 1999). Luciferase expression from combined treatment with endosulfan and dieldrin was additive over concentrations ranging from 3 to 8 pM. 

Kim, I.Y., Han, S.Y., and Kang, T.S. et al. (2005). Pyrethroid insecticides, fenvalerate and permethrin, inhibit progesterone-induced alkaline phosphatase activity in T47D human breast cancer cells. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health—Part A—Current Issues 68, 2175-2186. 

TULLiEZ J and terce f (2000) Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 human colon cancer cells . Cancer Res, 60 1426-33. 

AVIVI-GREEN c, PLOAK-CHARCON s, MADAR z, SCHWARTZ B (2002) Different molecule events account for butyrate-induced apoptosis in tiw human colon cancer cell line. J. Nutr. 132 1812-18. 

Cancer is the major latent harmful effect produced by ionizing radiation and the one that most people exposed to radiation are concerned about. The ability of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation to produce cancer in virtually every tissue and organ in laboratory animals has been well-demonstrated. The development of cancer is not an immediate effect. In humans, radiation-induced leukemia has the shortest latent period at 2 years, while other radiation induced cancers have latent periods >20 years. The mechanism by which cancer is induced in living cells is complex and is a topic of intense study. Exposure to ionizing radiation can produce cancer at any site within the body however, some sites appear to be more common than others, such as the breast, lung, stomach, and thyroid. 

Kryczek I, Lange A, Mottram P, et al. CXCL12 and vascular endothelial growth factor synergistically induce neoangiogenesis in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2005 65 465 172. 

Lee ATC, Azimahtol HLP, Tan AN. Styrylpyrone derivatives (SPD) induces apopotosis in caspases-7-dependent manner in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Cancer Cell Int 2003 3 1-8. 

Kotake-Nara, E, Kim, SJ, Kobori, M, Miyashita, K, and Nagao, A, 2002. Acyclo-retinoic acid induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 22, 689-695. 

Hantz, H. L., L. F. Young, and K. R. Martin. 2005. Physiologically attainable concentrations of lycopene induce mitochondrial apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230(3) 171-179. 

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