Human immunodeficiency virus transfer

Cooper LJ, Kalos M, Lewinsohn DA, Riddell SR, Greenberg PD (2000) Transfer of specificity for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into primary human T lymphocytes by introduction of T-cell receptor genes. J Virol 74 8207-8212... 

Ebnet K, Kaldjian EP, Anderson AO, Shaw S (1996) Orchestrated information transfer underlying leukocyte endothelial interactions. Annu Rev Immunol 14 155-177 Edinger AL, Blanpain C, Kunstman KJ, Wohnsky SM, Parmentier M, Dorns RW (1999) Functional dissection of CCR5 coreceptor function through the use of CD4-independent simian immunodeficiency virus strains. J Virol 73(5) 4062 073 Edwards TG, Hoffman TL, Baribaud E, Wyss S, LaBranche CC, Romano J, Adkinson J, Sharron M, Hoxie JA, Dorns RW (2001) Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity, and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J Virol 75(ll) 5230-5239... 

Lawrence DM, Durham LC, Schwartz L, Seth P, Marie D, Major EO (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human brain-derived progenitor cells. J Virol 78(14) 7319-7328 Li XY, Guo F, Zhang L, Kleiman L, Cen S (2007) APOBEC3G inhibits DNA strand transfer during HIV-1 reverse transcription. J Biol Chem 282(44) 32065-32074 Lin J, Cullen BR (2007) Analysis of the interaction of primate retroviruses with the human RNA interference machinery. J Virol 81(22) 12218-12226 Liu JO (2005) The yins of T cell activation. Sci STKE 2005(265) rel... 

Mbisa JL, Barr R, Thomas JA, Vandegraaff N, Dorweiler IJ, Svarovskaia ES, Brown WL, Mansky LM, GoreUck RJ, Harris RS, Engelman A, Pathak VK (2007) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNAs produced in the presence of APOBEC3G exhibit defects in plus-strand DNA transfer and integration. J Virol 81(13) 7099-7110... 

T. Tuntland, A. Odinecs, C.M. Pereira, C. Nosbisch, and J.D. Unadkat. In vitro models to predict the in vivo mechanism, rate, and extent of placental transfer of dideoxynucleoside drugs against human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 180 198-206 (1999). 

Retroviruses require proliferative target cells to mediate effective gene transfer. Lentiviruses, the class of retrovirus that includes human immunodeficiency virus, are an exception. They can also integrate in nondividing cells. An additional obstacle for retroviruses is the high susceptibility of the virus particle to humoral factors that ablate their gene transfer capacity. Perhaps most important, retroviruses, even when used ex vivo, pose a low but real risk of cancer. 

Bushman FD, Engelman A, Palmer I, Wingfield P, Craigie R. Domains of the integrase protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 responsible for polynucleotidyl transfer and zinc binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 3428-3432. 

In studies of molecular simplification of catechins targeting both human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) and mutated EHV-RT enzymes, we are able to differentiate the polymerase and strand-transfer inhibiting activities... 

The natural product (-)-oxetanocin is an unprecedented oxetanosyl-A/-glycoside that inhibits the in vitro replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In order to prepare multigram quantities of the compound, D.W. Norbeck et al. devised a short and efficient synthetic strategy. The cornerstone of the strategy was the Wolff rearrangement of a five-membered diazo ketone. The diazo transfer was achieved by first converting the ketone to an enamino ketone followed by treatment with triflyl azide. Upon irradiation with a 450 W Pyrex filtered Hanovia lamp, the isomeric oxetanes (a 3 = 2 1) were obtained in 36% yield. 

The flow of information in all cells is from DNA to RNA to protein, which is known as the central dogma of molecular biology it was formulated by Francis Crick shortly after the discovery of the structure of DNA. Information also can flow from DNA to DNA in both cells and among viruses that infect cells. Information also flows from RNA to RNA during the replication of RNA viruses such as the polio virus. The final permitted information transfer is from RNA to DNA, which only occurs in the case of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The only information transfer that is prohibited by the central dogma is from protein to RNA or to DNA. The permitted information transfers in cells (infected or uninfected) is summarized below. 

Takahashi M, Miyoshi H, Verma IM, Gage FH. Rescue from photoreceptor degeneration in the rd mouse by human immunodeficiency virus vector-mediated gene transfer. J Virol 1999 73 7812-7816. 

RNA is also used to store genetic information in some viruses (such as HIV, human immunodeficiency virus). RNA differs from DNA in two respects. Firstly, the sugar units in RNA are riboses rather than deoxy-riboses. The second difference is that thymine is replaced by uracil the latter does not possess a methyl group but is otherwise identical. The structure of transfer RNA (t-RNA) is shown in figure 3.19. 

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus Tier TWisted internal charge-transfer state... 

In the latter part of the 20th century, laboratory-acquired viral infections became an important concern. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered and the concern for handling blood specimens Irom HTV-positive or suspected samples became a driving force for more protections for the laboratory worker. This was especially true since there was no vaccine to prevent HIV infections and no known cure for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Laboratory-acquired HIV infections are, in fact, extremely rare and this is due to the fact that the virus is not easily transferred and also to strict protocols that minimize transmission. 

Cheng, L. et al.. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) vector-mediated in vivo gene transfer into adult rabbit retina, Curr. Eye Res., 24,196, 2002. 

Under an approach to infection control known as universal precautions, all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if infected with bloodborne pathogens such as hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Universal precautions should be taken because certain strains of hepatitis are contagious from person to person via the transfer of body fluids—in sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, injection with unsterUized needles, childbirth, inadequately steriUzed medical/ dental equipment, tattooing, electrolysis, or IV drug use. Immunization offers protection against certain strains of hepatitis. 

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