Human immunodeficiency virus infection development

Neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection has many causes. Multiple mechanisms cause neuropathy in patients with HIV. An immune-mediated, Guillain-Barre-like syndrome (see below) may occur at the time of HIV seroconversion. Later in the course of infection, patients may present with mononeuropathy multiplex, sometimes as a consequence of vasculitis associated with coinfection with hepatitis C. Distal sensory-autonomic axonal polyneuropathy may develop in patients with more advanced HIV, either as a consequence of high titers of HIV itself or of the neurotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs [18,19],... 

In a biopsy of an AIDS patient s enlarged thymus (P4), the adipose involuted thymus, with persistence of many Hassall s corpuscles, was judged to be a large lymphoid follicular hyperplasia. This follicular hyperplasia was similar to that described for lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues at earlier stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection, before the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Human immunodeficiency virus RNA and p 24 were detected in the hyperplastic germinal centers (lymphocytes and follicular dendritic infected cells) and also in many cells that may have been either lymphocytes or epithelial cells in the interfollicular areas. 

Pattishall, K. A. (1993) Discovery and development of zidovidine as the cornerstone of therapy to control human immunodeficiency virus infection, in The Search for Antiviral Drugs, Birkhauser, pp. 23 14. 

Chesebro, B. and Wehrly, K. (1988) Development of a sensitive quantitative focal assay for human immunodeficiency virus infectivity. J. Virol. 62, 3779-3788. 

De Clercq, E. (1994) New developments in the chemotherapy of lentivirus (human immunodeficiency virus) infections sensitivity/ resistance of HIV-1 to non-nucleoside HIV- 1-specific inhibitors. Ann. NY Acad Sci. 724 438-456. 

Tuberculosis (TB), one of the most deadly and contagious diseases in the world, is a chronic granulomatous bacterial infection which is still an active infectious disease, especially in India. Multidrug resistant-TB is becoming an epidemic disease and is most prevalent in developing countries, which also have elevated rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection [85]. According to a study [86], a limited number of antibiotics, such as rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid and ethambutol, are the essential... 

Labrosse B, Morand-Joubert L, Goubard A, Rochas S, Labemardiere JL, Pacanowski J, Meynard JL, Hance AJ, Clavel E, Mammano E (2006) Role of the envelope genetic context in the development of enfuvirtide resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Virol 80 8807-8819... 

There is clear evidence linking defects of the immune system to the development of NMSC. For example, it is observed that patients receiving chronic immunosuppressant therapy for organ transplantation have a 50% risk of developing SCC within 20 years of transplantation, and 30% of these cancers are highly aggressive.21 Additionally, patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are predisposed to melanoma.18 Data also support the idea that UV radiation... 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most important risk factor for active TB, especially among people 25 to 44 years of age. An HIV-infected individual with TB infection is over 100-fold more likely to develop active disease than an HIV-seronegative patient. 

Dolin, R., Human studies in the development of human immunodeficiency virus vaccines, J. Infect. Dis., 172,1175-1183,1995. 

Pharmacological research has also benefited from the development of sophisticated tools because they have made it possible for researchers to determine the exact molecular structure of compounds involved in the disease process. With this information, they can devise molecules that bond with and inactivate those compounds (just as enzymes bond with substrates). Consider just one example of this process the development of a drug to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 

Blood is also regularly tested, not just for blood group compatibility, but also for infections carried in the blood such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C viruses. Early in the AIDS epidemic, before the AIDS virus was identified and a test developed to detect whether a person has been exposed to the virus, patients did contract HIV through blood transfusions. Today, every unit of donated blood is tested for the presence of HIV, as well as for hepatitis B and C viruses. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which individuals are at increased risk for developing certain infections and malignancies. The virus is found in two major forms HIV-1, the most prevalent worldwide, and HIV-2, the most common in western Africa. More than 22 million people have died of HIV infection, and 40 million are believed to be infected worldwide. AIDS epidemics threaten populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Russia. In the United States about 450,000 deaths have occurred and another 900,000 people are estimated to carry the virus. Although the development of new drugs, complex multidrug regimens, and behavioral modification have done much to combat the spread of HIV in-... 

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of only a few retroviruses known to infect humans. It is estimated that approximately twenty-two million people are now infected worldwide [1]. With only a tiny number of exceptions, infection ultimately leads to the development of the lethal condition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. To date, only a handful of drugs have been shown to have any effect on the course of the disease. These are, in general, relatively ineffective at significantly prolonging life, and drug resistance develops rapidly. Equally discouraging, vaccines have not yet been developed to prevent infection. 

Research into the chemistry of template-dependent nucleic acid biosynthesis, combined with modern techniques of molecular biology, has elucidated the life cycle and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus, the retrovirus that causes AIDS. A few years after the isolation of HIV, this research resulted in the development of drugs capable of prolonging the lives of people infected by HIV. 

Roth VR, Kravcik S, Angel JB. Development of cervical fat pads following therapy with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis 1998 27(l) 65-7. 

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