Pharmacological research

So any influence of drugs on the regulatory system will cause some changes in the energy metabolism, which might be detectable by calorimetry, if they are large enough. 

Thus most of the remaining energy after the application of dF was obtained from fat oxidation. 

Pair feeding experiments showed, that the observed results were not only caused by decreased food intake but also by central nervous influences. A treatment with dF also changed the behaviour of the treated rats. Normally rats are active at night and inactive at days. After the treatment with dF on the afternoon the rats remained inactive for about 15 hours and did hardly eat their food. After that period they started to nibble and to be more active. Thus dF also decreased the activity status of those rats besides its influence on EE and substrate oxidation. 

As a result of research performed by different groups dexfenfluramine was introduced as a drug for obesity treatment in the USA in 1995. Whole body calorimetry contributed to this approach. Evidence has been found later for dF being involved in generating valvular insufficiency. So in 1997 it was (at least) temporarily withdrawn from the market. 

Whole body calorimetry is an important tool for physicians, physiologists and nutritionists. The application of calorimetry started about 200 years ago. Its theoretical base was established in the last 100 years. The technique of calorimeters and calorimetric methods have been largely improved until nowadays. Modern whole body calorimeters are very accurate and fast responding instruments. They reach recovery rates of about 100 3 % and a delay of measurement of as short as 3 min. Two calorimetric techniques are established, direct and indirect calorimetry. The former is the measurement of the heat loss of a subject the latter determines the heat production by metabolic processes. This gives a deeper insight into the metabolic status of the subjects. So indirect calorimetry is nowadays more frequently used than direct one. 

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In general, there are advantages and disadvantages to both assay formats and both are widely employed in pharmacological research. The specific strengths and weaknesses inherent in both approaches are discussed in more detail in Chapters 4 and 5. As a preface to the consideration of these two major formats, a potential issue with both of them should be considered namely, dissimulations between the concentrations of drugs added to the experimentally accessible receptor compartment and the actual concentration producing the effect. 

In molecular pharmacology research an indirect proof of a structural model is possible by functional examinations, e.g., by molecular biological experiments. Well-selected site directed mutagenesis and their functional characterization allows confirmation or rejection of a molecular protein model. The process is organized as an iterative procedure, where the biological answer of suggested mutations is used to refine the model. The iteration continues until the model... 

Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, Osaka, Japan... 

Yamada H (2003) In Watanabe H (ed) Pharmacological research on traditional herbal medicines. Taylor and Francis, London, p 170... 

Al-Majed, A.A. Mostafa, A.M. Al-Rikabi, A.C. Al-Shabanah, O.A. (2002). Protective effects of oral arabic gum administration on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacological Research, Vol.46, No.5, (November 2002), pp. 445-451, ISSN 1043-6618. 

Interestingly this indication resulted from the observation of marihuanasmoking patients rather than from pharmacological research. 

The indication prevention of nausea and vomiting during cancer chemotherapy came from experiences of marihuana-smoking patients, not from pharmacological research [129]. 

Pharmacological research and the non-prescriptional use of C. sativa by patients gave way to new indications. Now well estabhshed are the efficacies for the following indications ... 

Clinical Implications of Behavioral Pharmacology Research on Phencyclidine... 

Palakodaty, S. and York, P. (1999) Phase behavioral effects on particle formation processes using supercritical fluids. Pharmacological Research, 16 (7), 976-985. 

Hwang, T.-L., Fang, C.-L., Chen, C.-H. and Fang, J.-Y. (2009) Permeation enhancer-containing water-in-oil nanoemulsions as carriers for intravesical cisplatin delivery. Pharmacological Research, 26 (10), 2314-2323. 

Vauthier, Ch. and Bouchemal, K. (2009) Methods for the preparation and manufacture of polymeric nanopartides. Pharmacological Research, 26, 1025-1058. 

Institute for Pharmacological Research "Mario Negri", via Eritrea 62, 20117, Milan, Italy. E-mail lopiparo marionegri.it... 

The book is organized into three major parts which cover important and emerging methods and applications in biological and pharmacological research. 

The potential applications of the technology and information resources of the HGP in pharmacologic research and medical practice have been extensively discussed (Collins and McKusick, 2001 Roses, 2001 McLeod and... 

Pharmacokinetic modeling, 208 Pharmacokinetics (PK), 99, 211 Pharmacologic agents, variation in response to, 43 Pharmacologic research, 31 Pharmacology, genetic variation and, 36-38... 

In 1915, a committee of the A.M.A. Board of Trustees had expressed the need for institutes for pharmacological research in this country, but warned against "commercialism" in this field, concluding that "It is only from laboratories free from any relations with manufacturers that real advances can be expected" (41). 

Hardy JG, Wilson CG. Radionuclide imaging in pharmaceutical, physiological and pharmacological research. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1981 2 71-121. 

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