Human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection

HIV is a single-stranded RNA virus that contains a virally encoded DNA polymerase enzyme, reverse transcriptase (RT). The HIV RT is the enzyme responsible for transcribing viral RNA into DNA, a cytoplasmic event. Following reverse transcription, the HIV DNA enters the cell nucleus and, through the action of another viral enzyme (integrase), is incorporated into the host cell genome. It is this event, the incorporation into host DNA that makes HIV infection a chronic, lifelong disease, because each time the lymphocyte is activated and the DNA transcribed and translated, new HIV virions are created and released. 

AIDS-related complex (weight loss, chronic diarrhea, fever, thrush, herpes zoster, fatigue) 

Opportunistic infections and cancer End-stage renal disease Blindness (cytomegalovirus) 

Didanosine Stavudine Zalcitabine Zidovudine Protease inhibitors are  

Hyaluronic acid improves elasticity and viscosity of synovial fluid. It is indicated in the treatment of pain of osteoarthritis of the knee in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conservative nonpharmacologic therapy and to simple analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen) and mid to deep dermal implantation for correction of moderate to severe facial wrinkles and folds, such as nasolabial folds (Restylane). 

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Ullum, H., Lepri, A. C., Victor, J., Aladdin, H., Phillips, A. N., Gerstoft, J., Skinhoj, P., and Pedersen, B. K. (1998). Production of beta-chemokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Evidence that high levels of macrophage in inflammatory protein-1-beta are asociated with a decreased risk of HIV progression. J. Infect. Dis. 177 331-336. 

Brew BJ (2003) The peripheral nerve complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Muscle Nerve 28(5) 542-552... 

Hoschele D (2006) Cell culture models for the investigation of NRTI-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Relevance for the prediction of clinical toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 20(5) 535-546 Itescu S, Brancato LJ et al (1989) A sicca syndrome in HIV infection association with HLA-DR5 and CDS lymphocytosis. Lancet 2(8661) 466 68 Itescu S, Brancato LJ et al (1990) A diffuse infiltrative CDS lymphocytosis syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection a host immune response associated with HLA-DR5. Ann Intern Med 112(1) 3-10... 

Cannabinoids have antiemetic activity when used alone or in combination with other antiemetics.5 Dronabinol and nabilone are commercially available oral formulations used for preventing and treating refractory CINV.5,10 Dronabinol is also used to treat anorexia and weight loss associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Cannabinoids are thought to exert their antiemetic effect centrally, although the exact mechanism of action is unknown.1,10 Sedation, euphoria, hypotension, ataxia, dizziness, and vision difficulties can occur with cannabinoids. 

Chronic autoimmune disorders or infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or rheumatoid arthritis (anemia of chronic disease)... 

Risk factors for salmonellosis include extremes of age, alteration of the endogenous bowel flora of the intestine (e.g., as a result of antimicrobial therapy or surgery), diabetes, malignancy, rheumatologic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and therapeutic immunosuppression of all types. 

Inability to resolve an infection may indicate a mixed infection, infection due to a non-albicans strain, or an infection that is not fungal. Difficulty treating WC can also be indicative of serious underlying conditions, such as diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. For these reasons, if infection does not resolve easily with a single course of antifungal therapy or if symptoms return within 2 months, practitioners should check cultures and further evaluate the patient s health status or refer the patient to a physician. 

The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered to all age groups and risk populations. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered yearly to children older than 6 months of age at risk for complications from influenza, such as those with asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and other conditions that compromise respiratory function. Healthy children 6 to 23 months of age should be vaccinated because of the increased risk for influenza-related... 

There is clear evidence linking defects of the immune system to the development of NMSC. For example, it is observed that patients receiving chronic immunosuppressant therapy for organ transplantation have a 50% risk of developing SCC within 20 years of transplantation, and 30% of these cancers are highly aggressive.21 Additionally, patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are predisposed to melanoma.18 Data also support the idea that UV radiation... 

Costs to the patient and costs of individual products are variable but may be substantial. An epidemiological study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients found that patients spent an average of 18 per month on herbs (range, 0-175) [46]. Unfortunately most U.S. prescription insurance companies do not cover the cost of dietary supplements. One exception is the American Western Life Insurance Company, San Mateo, California, which offers their subscribers a Prevention Plus option that covers herbal medicines [34]. In Germany, herbs that are prescribed by physicians are covered by insurance, whereas non-prescription herbs are not covered [34]. 

Live vaccines rarely may cause severe or fatal reactions as a result of uncontrolled replication (growth) of the vaccine virus. This may occur in persons with weak immune systems, including persons with leukemia or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or persons undergoing treatment with certain drugs. This is why it is so important to know a person s health status before giving a live vaccine. 

The CCR5A32 polymorphism, a 32-bp deletion polymorphism of the promoter of this receptor, has been associated with protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and asthma (209,210). While the contribution of the CCR5 receptor to immune diseases is probably better understood in the case of HIV infection, however (210-212), our discussion opens with its role in asthma. 

Pharmacological research has also benefited from the development of sophisticated tools because they have made it possible for researchers to determine the exact molecular structure of compounds involved in the disease process. With this information, they can devise molecules that bond with and inactivate those compounds (just as enzymes bond with substrates). Consider just one example of this process the development of a drug to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 

Nelfinavir is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection when antiretroviral therapy is warranted. At present, there are no results from controlled trials evaluating the effect of therapy with nelfinavir on clinical progression of HIV infection, such as survival or the incidence of opportunistic infections. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection For the treatment of FIIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HiV) infection In combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. 

Schulman KA, Lynn LA, Glick HA, Eisenberg JM. Cost-effectiveness of low-dose zidovudine therapy for asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1991 114 798-802. 

Authier FJ, Chariot P, Gherardi RK. Skeletal muscle involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Muscle Nerve. 2005 32 247-260. 

At the present time, there are at least 14 compounds that have been formally approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. There are six nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that, after their intracellular conversion to the 5 -triphosphate form, are able to interfere as competitive inhibitors of the normal substrates (dNTPs). These are zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddl), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), and abacavir (ABC). There are three nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) — nevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz — that, as such, directly interact with the reverse transcriptase at a nonsubstrate binding, allosteric site. There are five HIV protease inhibitors (Pis saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, and amprenavir) that block the cleavage of precursor to mature HIV proteins, thus impairing the infectivity of the virus particles produced in the presence of these inhibitors. 

Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has been radically modified during the past two years by the introduction of powerful antiretroviral drugs, and by the development of methods to determine the viral burden in plasma. The introduction of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has made this breakthrough possible. However, the long-term therapeutic benefits and safety profiles of these agents are still being evaluated. 

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