Hormones overview

Jensen EV (1991) Overview of the nuclear receptor family. In Parker M (ed) Nuclear hormone receptor. Academic, London, p 1... 

In addition to the references after each Chapter, many of the articles in early editions of Annual Reviews of Biochemistry, Advances in Enzymology, Advances in Protein Chemistry, International Reviews of Cytology, Physiological Reviews, Vitamins Hormones, and other review serials, refer to specific topics considered in the text. Most of the articles we have cited give an overview of the topics. Where these are available many individual references have been omitted. 

In a very broad overview of the structural categories one can state several statistical correlations with type of function. Hemes are almost always bound by helices, but never in parallel a//3 structures. Relatively complex enzymatic functions, especially those involving allosteric control, are occasionally antiparallel /3 but most often parallel a//3. Binding and receptor proteins are most often antiparallel /3, while the proteins that bind in those receptor sites (i.e., hormones, toxins, and enzyme inhibitors) are most apt to be small disulfide-rich structures. However, there are exceptions to all of the above generalizations (such as cytochrome cs as a nonhelical heme protein or citrate synthase as a helical enzyme), and when one focuses on the really significant level of detail within the active site then the correlation with overall tertiary structure disappears altogether. For almost all of the dozen identifiable groups of functionally similar proteins that are represented by at least two known protein structures, there are at least... 

Biosynthetic pathways. Only an overview of the synthesis pathways that lead to the individual hormones is shown here. Further details are given on p.410. 

Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15 year-survival an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005 365 1687-717. 

The third part. Developmental Psychopathology, delves into detailed disease-specific overviews. Each of the chapters covers issues pertaining to nosology and classification, to genetic determinants, brain systems implicated, environmental influences, and nature-nurture interactions. Neurotransmission and neuromodulation, and hormonal and other developmental influences are addressed and, whenever available, relevant animal models are incorporated into the discussion. The interplay of normative and derailed development is a core concept for these chapters. Of the part s 12 chapters, 9 are devoted to traditionally defined disease categories, and 3 cover the overarching areas of early-life stress, aggression, and affiliative behaviors. 

STEROID HORMONES ADRENOCORTICOIDS (ADRENAL STEROIDS)—OVERVIEW... 

The large group of steroid, retinoic acid (retinoid), and thyroid hormones exert at least part of their effects by a mechanism fundamentally different from that of other hormones they act in the nucleus to alter gene expression. We therefore discuss their mode of action in detail in Chapter 28, along with other mechanisms for regulating gene expression. Here we give a brief overview. 

Reissmann T, Felberbaum R, Diedrich K, Engel J, Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV. Development and applications of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in the treatment of infertility an overview. Hum Reprod 1995 10(8) 1974—81. 

The purpose of this chapter is to review the basic aspects of endocrine function, including the primary hormones and their effects. The factors regulating hormonal release and the cellular mechanisms of hormone action are also briefly discussed. Finally, the basic ways in which drugs can be used to alter endocrine function are presented. This overview is intend-... 

Efendic S, Portwood N. Overview of incretin hormones. Horm Metab Res. 2004 36 742-746. 

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 338 368-72 Szabo B, Hedler L, Starke K (1989) Facilitation of the release of noradrenaline an extra-adrenal effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Resuscitation 18 229-42 Tatemoto K (2004) Neuropeptide Y history and overview. In Michel MC (ed) Neuropeptide Y and related peptides, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 162. Springer, Berlin, pp 1-21 Tatemoto K, Carlquist M, Mutt V (1982) Neuropeptide Y - a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature 296 659-60... 

Vitamin D, along with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, plays a primary role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the body. Intensive research efforts over the past several years have elucidated a role for vitamin D in many other physiological processes as well. The biological actions of this seco-steroid are mediated primarily through the action of its polar metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (l,25(OH)2D3). There is emerging evidence that l,25(OH)2D3 has many more target tissues than those involved in its classical role in the control of mineral metabolism. In addition, some of the actions of l,25(OH)2D3 may be mediated by mechanisms other than the classical steroid-receptor interaction. In this chapter we will provide a brief overview of the multiple actions of vitamin D3 and the pleiotropic mechanisms by which these actions are accomplished. 

Figure 16.18 Overview of signal transmission from hormone-receptor interaction on the outside cell surface to cAMP production on the cytosol side of the membrane through stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Hs is the stimulatory hormone, and R is its receptor. Gs is the stimulatory G protein. is an inhibitory hormone, and Rj is its cell surface receptor. Gj is the inhibitory G protein. The last inhibits adenylate cyclase when combined with GTP.

Fig. 1. An overview of the actions of growth hormone. Some of the effects of the hormone are direct, others are mediated by somatomedins.

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