Brain-peptides

See Hormones, brain peptides Hypnotics, sedatives, and anticonvulsants Neuroregudators Opioids, endogenous. 

T2. Tatemoto, K Neuropeptide Y Complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79,5485-5489 (1982). 

Ni Q., Xu H., Partilla J. et al. Opioid peptide receptor studies. Interaction of opioid peptides and other drugs with four subtypes of the K2 receptor in guinea pig brain. Peptides. 16 1083, 1995. 

Morley JE, Yamada T, Walsh JH, Lamers CB, Wong H, Shulkes A, Damassa DA, Gordon J, Carlson HE, Hershman JM. (1980). Morphine addiction and withdrawal alters brain peptide concentrations. Life Sci. 26(26) 2239-44. 

Hill JM, Lesniak MA, Kiess W, Nissley SR 1988. Radioimmu-nohistochemical localization of type II IGF receptors in rat brain. Peptides 9(suppl) 181-187. 

Yehuda S, Rabinovitz, S, Carasso RL, and Mostofsky DI. Fatty acids and brain peptides. Peptides 1998 19 407-A19. 

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RECEPTORS Table 43 Neuroactive Brain Peptides... 

Sequence Determination of the Brain Peptide Leucine Enkephalin A group of peptides that influence nerve transmission in certain parts of the brain has been isolated from normal brain tissue. These peptides are known as opioids, because they bind to specific receptors that also bind opiate drugs, such as morphine and naloxone. Opioids thus mimic some of the properties of opiates. Some researchers consider these peptides to be the brain s own pain killers. Using the information below, determine the amino acid sequence of the opioid leucine enkephalin. Explain how your structure is consistent with each piece of information. 

Endogenous opioid peptides. Extensive processing is also involved in formation of analgesic opioid peptides, which are present naturally in the brain (see also Section B). Tire formation of (1-endorphin in the hypothalamus from prepro-opiomelanocortin (Fig. 30-2) has already been mentioned. Prior to the discovery of P-endorphin, the pentapeptides Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin (Table 30-4) were discovered and were found to compete with opiate drugs for receptors in the brain. Tire larger P-endorphin, which contains the Met-enkephalin sequence at its N terminus, is a far more potent opiate antagonist than are the enkephalins. Since the Met-enkephalin sequence within P-endorphin is not flanked by basic residues, it apparently is normally not released. Two other recently discovered brain peptides are endomorphin-1 (YPWF-NH2) and endomorphin-2 (YPFF-NH2). They are also potent agonists for the opioid receptors, especially the p receptor (see Section B,10).,61a,61b... 

Ecdysone stimulates the synthesis of RNA in tissues. Visual demonstration of the effect is provided by its action on polytene chromosomes of fly larvae (Fig. 26-14).361 Fifteen minutes after the application of ecdysone, a puff is induced on one band of the chromosome a second puff forms at a later time while a preexisting puff diminishes. Thus, like steroid hormones in mammals, ecdysone appears to have a direct controlling effect on transcription. The cuticle-shedding process (ecdysis) is initiated by the brain peptide eclosian. However, the brain may be responding to the ecdysis-triggeiing hormone, a peptide that is secreted by a series of epitracheal glands located in various segments of the body.362... 

Alternatively, some neuropeptides have been modified only slightly but often for related purposes. For example, most animal venoms are derived from neuropeptide-related precursors, and some may have originated from brain peptides that initially appeared at least 100 million years ago and have since been... 

R. D. Egleton and T. P. Davis. Bioavailability and transport of peptides and peptide drugs into the brain. Peptides 18 1431-1439, 1997. 

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 338 368-72 Szabo B, Hedler L, Starke K (1989) Facilitation of the release of noradrenaline an extra-adrenal effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Resuscitation 18 229-42 Tatemoto K (2004) Neuropeptide Y history and overview. In Michel MC (ed) Neuropeptide Y and related peptides, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 162. Springer, Berlin, pp 1-21 Tatemoto K, Carlquist M, Mutt V (1982) Neuropeptide Y - a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature 296 659-60... 

A third approach involves studies on the way neurotrophic factors affect the functioning and viability of brain cells. The finding that the synthesis of the neuropeptide somatostatin is defective in Alzheimer s disease lends added impetus to the assessment of the role of brain peptides which may have neuromodulatory and/or trophic functions. 

Jacobowitz DM, Schulte H, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL (1983) Localization of GRF-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. Peptides 4 521-524. 

Millington WR, Mueller GP, O Donohue TL (1984) Regional heterogeneity in the ratio of a-MSH p-endorphin in rat brain. Peptides 5 841-843. 

Moody TW, O Donohue TL, Jacobowitz DM (1981) Biochemical localization and characterization of bombesinlike peptides in discrete regions of rat brain. Peptides 2 75-79. 

USA) Andrew Schally (Poland/USA) (Nobel Prize, Physiology/ Medicine, 1977, brain peptide hormones)... 

The allatostatins are a family of brain peptides which rapidly and reversibly inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis in isolated insect corpora allata. Five allatostatic peptides from brains of the cockroach Diploptera punctata have now been structurally identified (i 2 our unpublished results), their size ranging from octapeptide to octadecapeptide. The currently identified allatostatins all possess the consensus C-terminal sequence (L/V)YXFGL-amide, which has no significant homology with other known peptides. It is likely that they are released locally from nerve terminals within the glands (3). 

Harvey S, Hayer S (1993) Parathyroid hormone binding sites in the brain. Peptides 14 1187-1191 Hata AN, Zent R, Breyer MD, Breyer RM (2003) Expression and molecular pharmacology of the mouse CRTH2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306 463-470 Haulica I, Neamtu C, Stratone A, Petrescu G, Branisteanu D, Rosea V, Slatineanu S (1986) Evidence for the involvement of cerebral renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in stress analgesia. Pain 27 237-245... 

Krieger D, Brownstein, MJ, Martin, IB. Brain Peptides. 1983. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 

Gastric acid secretion may be regulated by several brain peptides, some of which may enhance secretion, while others may act centrally to inhibit secretion. 

James SK, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Stridsberg M, Venge P, Armstrong P, et al. N-terminal pro-brain peptide and other risk markers for separate prediction of mortahty and subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with unstable coronary artery disease a GUSTO substudy. Circulation 2003 108 275-81. 

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