Histochemical response

Hench, L.L. and Paschall H.A. (1974) Histochemical responses at a biomaterials interface. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Symposium, 5, 49. 

Table I. Histochemical responses of cell walls associated with the necrophylactic periderm response in Picea sitchensis challenged with Armillaria obscura...

Biosensors are the analytical systems, which contain sensitive biological elements and detectors. Plant cells as a possible biosensors have natural structure that determinates their high activity and stability. Criteria in the screening of the plant cells as biosensors for allelopathy should be as under (i) Reaction is fast based on the time of response, (ii) Reaction is sensitive to small doses of analysed compounds or their mixtures and (iii) Methods of detection viz., biochemical, histochemical, biophysical (in particular, spectral changes in absorbance or fluorescence) are easy in laboratory and in the field conditions. The search of biosensors in active plant species is suitable to determine the mechanisms of action of biologically active substances or external factors of the environment (Roshchina and Roshchina, 2003 Roshchina, 2004 2005 c)). 

Tulfs JC, Abraham R, Drobeck B, et al. 1977. Species differences in the hepatic response to mirex Ultrastructural and histochemical studies. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1 327-342. 

Cell walls in the necrotic tissue of these wounds were browned. Staining with diazotized Q-tolidine and toluidine blue confirmed the polypheno-lic nature of these brown depositions, which may have resulted from the polymerization of the stilbenes present in large quantities in spruce bark. Phenolic residues were deposited on the walls of certain cells internal to the necrotic tissues by 10 days after wounding. By 36 days these cells had become thick-walled. The precise nature of substances responsible for this thickening has not been determined, variable responses being obtained with histochemical tests for lignin (cf. Table I). Suberin was detectable in cells immediately underlying the thick walled cells, which corresponded to the... 

Parenchymal cells (PC), or hepatocytes, originate from epithelial cells and represent most of the total number of liver cells (65%). Because of their relatively large size, hepatocytes are microscopically clearly visible after staining liver sections with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Also, the hepatocytes store glycogen, which can be identified histochemically with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent. The hepatocytes are primarily responsible for the uptake of endogenous products and xenobiotics at the sinusoidal membrane of the cell and their subsequent metabolism and excretion into bile by means of the canalicular membrane. 

Though dermal HA is responsible for most skin HA, epidermal cells are also able to synthesize HA. The most dramatic histochemical change observed in senescent skin is the marked decrease in epidermal HA.138 In senile skin, HA is still present in the dermis, while the HA of the epidermis has disappeared entirely. The proportion of total GAG synthesis devoted to HA is greater in epidermis than in dermis, and the reasons for the precipitous fall with aging is unknown. The synthesis of epidermal HA is influenced both by the underlying dermis, as well as by topical treatments, such as with retinoic acids, indicating that epidermal HA is under separate controls from dermal HA. 

A 34-year-old woman was given intramuscular sodium aurothiomalate for rheumatoid arthritis after little response to anti-inflammatory drugs (38). After the sixth injection she developed enlarged neck and axillary lymph nodes. Biopsy showed subtotal infarction of a reactive node, confirmed by histochemical, immunohis-tochemical, and molecular techniques. Gold was withdrawn and the lymphadenopathy gradually resolved over the next 2 months. She continued to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis with no evidence of malignant lymphoma after 3 years. 

The same statistical analysis is employed in the time response study, comparison of single-blinded histochemical infarct sizes, mean mitochondrial sizes, and LVDP of hearts at the plateau phase (between 20 and 30 min of reperfusion). 

Early histochemical studies (G2) indicated an increase in human dystrophic muscle of a number of enzymes responsible for dephosphoryl-ating certain nucleotides. These enzymes appeared to be largely located in the proliferated connective tissue, and the authors suggested that muscular dystrophy may be basically a connective tissue disease. There is little or no evidence, however, to substantiate this speculation. Quantitative studies (P6, R3) have confirmed an increase in the dephosphorylation of AMP by diseased muscle, but it is not clear to what extent, in muscle, this activity is due to a specific enzyme. An increase in the rate of hydrolysis of NAD in denervated muscle has been reported (T4). 

Mammen PP, Shelton JM, Ye Q, Kanatous SB, McGrath AJ, et al. 2006. Cytoglobin is a stress-responsive hemoprotein expressed in the developing and adult brain. J Histochem Cytochem 54 1349-1361. 

These principles formed the basis for producing high quality carrots and potatoes by a process of biopolymer infusion followed by high temperature short time fluidized bed dehydration. Infused biopolymers was shown to penetrate intracellular spaces and cell walls and may contribute to reduced cell collapse in the dehydration process. Deposition of infused biopolymer within the cells was elucidated using a convalently bound complex of biopolymer and colored dye which was visible upon histochemical examinations under a microscope. The dehydration process was optimized with response surface methodology. The resulting products have excellent quality, high rehydration ratio and a puffed structure. 

With the rapid increase in understanding of the mechanisms of cell injury and repair, a number of new substances have been identified that may prove to be useful markers of acute injury or disease activity. These include various cytokines and growth factors, several lipid mediators, a complex array of extracellular matrix components and cell adhesion molecules, plus a variety of miscellaneous compounds. At the present time, the clinical utility of their measurement in biologic samples is unknown, although in selected instances, clinical correlates have emerged. Unfortunately, not all of these markers are present in urine or blood samples. For some, detection involves histologic or histochemical techniques applied to renal tissue samples. Nonetheless, the substances discussed below are intimately involved in the control and modification of cell function, the response to stress and/or the processes of repair. It is anticipated that with proper amplification, one or more may be useful as a marker of susceptibility, exposure or effect. 

In contrast, using enzyme histochemical methods, it was observed that lysosomal (3-glucuronidase was liberated in necrotic tumor areas as functionally active enzyme (75). The cells responsible for the liberation of the enzyme are mainly acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as shown by immunochemistry (74). These observations led to the development of the new concept of prodrug monotherapy (PMT) (74, 75). 

---