Reduced cell

Figure 6.25 reprinted from Chemical Physics Letters, 196, Ding H-Q, N Karasawa and W A Goddard III, T he Reduced Cell Multipole Method for Coulomb Interactions in Periodic Systems with Million-Atom Unit Cells, 6-10, 1992, with permission of Elsevier Science. 

The adherence and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated on the fabricated PCLA scaffold. Results showed that the HUVECs were adhered and proliferated well on the small-diameter-fiber fabrics (0.3 and 1.2 mm in diameter), whereas markedly reduced cell adhesion, restricted cell spreading, and no signs of proliferation were observed on the large-diameter-fiber fabric (7 mm in diameter). That may be due to the high-surface-density fibers provide an extremely high surface/volume ratio, which favors cell attachment and proliferation. 

It has been known for some time that the Cl -conductance of epithelial cells can, in addition to its regulation via cAMP, be enhanced by increases in cytosolic Ca " (cf. Fig. 3). This has been shown with Ca -ionophores [120,121] or with hormones increasing cytosolic Ca such as carbachol, neurotensin, ATP, etc. [50,103,104]. Usually these agonists have dual effects. They increase the Cl - as well as the K" -conductance [104]. Stubs et al. [122] have shown that CF cells still increase their Cl -conductance in response to ATP. Another mechanism of Cl -channel activation has been described in whole-cell patches of colonic carcinoma and RE cells [123,124] when the cells are exposed to hypotonic media they swell and increase their Cl -conductance. This is a rather general phenomenon which is present in a lot of cells [11]. In their effort to reduce cell volume in hypotonic media (regulatory... 

Similarly, lycopene was also able to inhibit cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase and to reduce cell proliferation by a mechanism involving cyclin Dl in normal cells. It has been reported that, after the stimulation of synchronized human normal prostate epithelial cells with growth factors, cyclin Dl protein expression increases in lycopene-untreated cells. Such an increase was lower or even absent following treatment with lycopene at the concentration of 0.5mmol/L and 5.0mmol/L, respectively. Interestingly, it was specific for cyclin Dl, since cyclin E levels remained constant and were unaffected by lycopene treatment (Obermiiller-Jevic et al., 2003). 

MWNTs were found to be cytotoxic in human skin fibroblasts (HSF42) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) [42-44], whereas SWNTs were toxic in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cultures [25, 26, 45]. Reduced cell proliferation and oxidative stress were reported also in epithelial (HeLa) cells [45] and murine epidermal cells (JB6 P + ) [46] upon incubation with SWNTs. 

SWNTs Arc discharge (<1 wt% Ni and Y) HaCaT Reduced cell proliferation [26]... 

HEK293 Reduced cell proliferation Reduced cell adhesion Dose-dependent cytotoxicity Time-dependent cytotoxicity [165]... 

As far as I can judge, all primitive cells had a basic reducing cell metabolism glycolysis, a citric acid cycle or its reverse, amino acid and base synthesis, while all maintained high K+, low Na+ and Cl-, moderate Mg2+, and very low Ca2+ (see Figure 2.3) by input and output pumps. Chemical... 

Nakayama Y., Miyamura M., Hirano Y., Goto K., Matsuda T., Preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene block copolymers using photochemistry of dithiocarbamate as a reduced cell-adhesive coating material, Biomaterials 1999 20 963-970. 

Heidel JD, Liu JY, Yen Y, Zhou B, Heale BS, Rossi JJ, Bartlett DW, Davis ME (2007) Potent siRNA inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase subunit RRM2 reduce cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 13 2207-2215... 

The addition of 50-100 mM NaCI to tobacco cell suspensions reduced cell growth but resulted in a 50% increase in the maximum level of hGM-CSF secreted into the culture medium [40]. Intracellular hGM-CSF was relatively unaffected by this treatment. 

Conductances" Excit TCation Excit iKtot Inhib Tks Excit T IH Inhib T KV3 Excit i Iko, Reduced cell firing by inhibition of high-voltage-activated Ca channels Unknown but likely to be similar to H3... 

Exposure for7 days resulted in disintegration of many cells, reduced cell density, and reduced carbon fixation particle size distribution altered, and this could affect availability of food for particle-feeding herbivores 3... 

Solarization process increases soil temperatures up to levels lethal to many plant pathogens and pests and, therefore, direct thermal inactivation is the most important and normally expected mechanism. Some studies on the biochemical bases of sensitivity of organisms to high temperatures hypothesized that heat sensitivity is related to small differences in cell macromolecules, leading to a lethal increase of intra-molecular hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bonds (Brock 1978). Sundarum (1986) suggested a reduced cell membrane function beyond an upper limit fluidity... 

To date, as indicated in Fig. 17.3, the effort to reduce cell voltage has been focused on the membrane and the electrodes. In current commercial operations at 4 kA m-2 with a 2 mm electrode gap, the voltage loss of the membrane, anode and cathode has been reduced to approximately 350 mV, 50 mV and 100 mV, respectively, and thus a total of approximately 500 mV for these cell components, or less than one-third the voltage loss of these components in the early years of the commercial membrane process. 

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