Natural structure

The natural structural frequencies of most large systems are also in the low-frequency range, and care must be exercised to avoid resonant couplings between the structure and the foundation. The excitation in rotating machinery comes from rotating unbalanced masses. These unbalances result from four factors ... 

Dill, K. A., and Chan, H. S., 1997. From Levinthal to pathways to funnels. Nature Structural Biology 4 10—19. 

Raschke, T. M., and Marqnsee, S., 1997. The kinetic folding intermediate of ribonnclease H resembles the acid molten globule and partially unfolded molecules detected under native conditions. Nature Structural Biology 4 298-304. 

Sifers, R. M., 1995. Defecdve protein folding as a cause of disease. Nature Structural Biology 2 355—367. 

Stein, P. E., and Carrell, R. W., 1995. What do dysfnncUonal serpins tell ns about molecular mobility and disease Nature Structural Biology 2 96-113. 

Hugh.son, F., 1997. Penetrating in.sights into pore formation. Nature Structural Biology 4 89—92. 

Li, H., Lee, S., and Jap, B., 1997. Molecular de.sign of aquaporin-1 water channel as revealed by electron cry.stallography. Nature Structural Biology 4 263-265. 

Parker, M., 1997. More than one way to make a hole. Nature Structural Biology 4 250-253. 

Kranss, N., et al., 1996. Photosystem I at 4 A resolution represents the first structural model of a joint photosynthedc reaction centre and core antenna system. Nature Structural Biology 3 965-973. 

Fujii, T. Hata, Y. Wakaji, L Tanaka, N. Oshima, T. Nature Structural Biology... 

SUPRAMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES MADE OF NATURAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS... 

The yellow analogues, the betaxanthins, are composed of betalamic acid with amino acids or amines, respectively, amounting to 26 structures known to occur naturally. " Structures unambiguously assigned by NMR spectroscopy usually carry trivial names derived from the plant material from which they have been first isolated. The substitution patterns of betalyanins and betaxanthins hitherto reported together with their particular plant sources are listed in Table 4.4.1 and 4.4.2, respectively. 

Not so long ago, the general opinion was that high enantioselectivity can only be achieved with natural, structurally unique, complex modifiers as the cinchona alkaloids. Our results obtained with simple chiral aminoalcohols and amines demonstrate the contrary. With enantiomeric excesses exceeding 80%, commercially available naphthylethylamine is the most effective chiral modifier for low-pressure hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate reported to... 

Que, L. Jr. (2000) One motif-many different reactions. Nature Structural Biology, 7, 182-184. 

Curry, S., Mandelkow, H., Brick, P. and Franks, N. (1998) Crystal structure of human serum albumin complexed with fatty acid reveals an asymmetric distribution of binding sites. Nature Structural Biology 5, 827-835. 

The great difficulties inherent in determining the origin of natural structures by studying morphological characteristics have recently been recognized and described (Garcfa-Ruiz, 2002). 

Z)-enolates. The product was subjected to selective deprotection of the C4,C4 -methyl ethers with Mgl2, providing the natural structure of hypocrellin A as the major product. The two newly formed stereocenters in the 7-membered ring were determined to conform to the predicted helical (/ -stereochemistry and the syn-aldol stereochemistry. The minor ( )-enolate afforded the anti aldol product, which matched the diastereomeric natural product shiraiachrome A (8). With this step, the first total syntheses of hypocrellin A and shiraiachrome A (symanti = 10 1 syn diastereomer, 92 % ee) were completed. 

Oda, M.N., Forte, T.M., Ryan, R.O., and Voss, J.C. 2003. The C-terminal domain of apo-lipoprotein A-I contains a lipid-sensitive conformational trigger. Nature Structural Biology 10 455 -60. 

The ethylene glycol-containing silica precursor has been combined, as mentioned above, with most commercially important polysaccharides and two proteins listed in Table 3.1. In spite of the wide variety of their nature, structure and properties, the jellification processes on addition of THEOS to solutions of all of these biopolymers (Scheme 3.2) had a common feature, that is the formation of monolithic nanocomposite materials, proceeding without phase separation and precipitation. The syner-esis mentioned in a number of cases in Table 3.1 was not more than 10 vol.%. It is worthwhile to compare it with common sol-gel processes. For example, the volume shrinkage of gels fabricated with the help of TEOS and diglyceryl silane was 70 and 53 %, respectively [138,141]. 

Biosensors are the analytical systems, which contain sensitive biological elements and detectors. Plant cells as a possible biosensors have natural structure that determinates their high activity and stability. Criteria in the screening of the plant cells as biosensors for allelopathy should be as under (i) Reaction is fast based on the time of response, (ii) Reaction is sensitive to small doses of analysed compounds or their mixtures and (iii) Methods of detection viz., biochemical, histochemical, biophysical (in particular, spectral changes in absorbance or fluorescence) are easy in laboratory and in the field conditions. The search of biosensors in active plant species is suitable to determine the mechanisms of action of biologically active substances or external factors of the environment (Roshchina and Roshchina, 2003 Roshchina, 2004 2005 c)). 

Schweins T, Geyer M, Scheffzek K, Warshel A, Kalbitzer HR, Wittinghofer A (1995) Nature Structural Biology 2 36... 

Block C, Janknecht R, Herrmann C, Nassar N, Wittinghofer A (1996) Nature Structural Biology 3 244... 

Geyer M, Herrmann C, Wohlgemuth S,Wittinghofer A, Kalbitzer HR (1997) Nature Structural Biology 4 694... 

Huang L, Weng XW, Hofer F, Martin GS, Kim SH (1997) Nature Structural Biology 4 609... 

Independent of the growth of ice crystals (Section 1.1.2), which can be observed down to approx. -100 °C, and a possible recrystallization (Section 1.1.3), this chapter describes only such developments or changes of structures that can be influenced by additives. The addition of CPAs to albumins, cells or bacteria influences the nucleation of ice - or at least its growth - in such a way that their natural structures are retained as much as possible. On the other hand, additives are introduced to crystallize dissolve substances. If this method does not help, e. g. with antibiotics, the solution concentrates increasingly until a highly viscous, amorphous substance is included between ice crystals. This condition has disadvantages ... 

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