Histamine allergen-induced

Zhang, M., van de Stolpe, A., Zuiderveld, O., and Timmermans, H. (1997). Combined antagonism of leuko-trienes and histamine produces predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstraction in asthmatics. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 32 95—102. 

Histamine regulates granulocyte accumulation to tissues in distinct ways. Allergen-induced accumulation of eosinophils in the skin, nose and airways is potently inhibited by Hj antihistamines [34]. The effect of histamine on eosinophil migration may differ according to the dose. Whereas high doses inhibit eosinophil chemotaxis via... 

Guinea pig Bronchial mast cells allergen-induced histamine... 

Biogenic amines in wine and fermented foods are formed primarily via the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids. Examples, such as histamine, tyramine, and phenylethylamine are toxic, especially in alcoholic beverages. Ethanol can inhibit the monoamino oxidase responsible for amine detoxification (Maynard and Schenker, 1996). Histamine can induce allergenic reactions in humans, such as rashes, edema, headaches, hypotension. Tyramine and phenylethylamine can cause hypertension and other symptoms related to the release of noradrenaline. 

The monofunctional tryptase inhibitor APC-366 (Axys Pharmaceuticals) reduces the acute airway response and histamine release to allergen in a pig model of allergen-induced asthma [19]. APC-366 is also effective in a sheep model of allergen-induced asthma but was only poorly effective in asthma patients (proof-of-principle) [8], The compound was in clinical development phase II for asthma (inhalative). Although highly selective for tryptase over plasmin and plasma kal-likrein, APC-366 was not selective against thrombin and trypsin [13], Another monofunctional tryptase inhibitor is bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazol-yl)methane (BABIM) which has been shown to be effective in the sheep. Further development of the compound was, however, discontinued, maybe because of the lack of selectivity over trypsin [13, 16, 17] (Figure 3.2.2). 

Mita, H., Yiu, y., Yasueda, H., Kajita, T., Saito, T. and Shida, T. (1986). Allergen induced histamine released and immunoreactive-leukotriene C4 generation from leukocytes in mite sensitive asthmatic patients. Prostaglandins 31, 869-886. 

Oxatomide has been selected from a new chemical series of benzimidazolones and benzimidazoles on the basis of its activity on hypersensitivity and histamine-induced reactions in three species, the guinea-pig, the rat and the dog. In a well-known model, the guinea-pig anaphylaxis, oxatomide was at least as effective on the anaphylactic shock as on the histamine oedema induced in the same animals. In the rat, the new compound was an orally active inhibitor of PCA-reactions. Compound 48/80-induced lethal shock was prevented at doses of the same order as those required to inhibit histamine skin reactions. In the dog inhibition of allergic reactions, induced by Ascaris allergens in the skin of hypersensitive dogs, inhibition of histamine skin reactions and reduction of circulating histamine released by Cremophor EL were obtained by virtually the same oral doses. 

Induced-sputum analysis was also able to demonstrate an increase in met-achromatic cells and eosinophils after allergen inhalation (48,76). The late response to allergens was associated with an increased concentration of tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) and interleukin 5 (IL-5) in induced sputum in addition to an increased eosinophil count and in eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) (77). After aerosolized allergen challenge, ECP and histamine in induced-sputum supernatant were higher than at baseline (78). Tryp-tase was detectable in the sputum of many subjects. 

Cartier A, Thomson NC, Erith PA, Roberts R, Hargreave FE. Allergen-induced inaease in bronchial responsiveness to histamine relationship to the late asthmatic response and change in airway caliber. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982 70 170-177. 

Durham SR, Craddock CF, Cookson WO, Benson MK. Inaeases in airway responsiveness to histamine precede allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988 82 764-770. 

Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY. Comparative effects of inhaled salbutamol, sodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone dipropionate on allergen-induced early asthmatic responses, late asthmatic responses, and increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987 79 734-740. 

The route of antigen administration can alter the speed of antigen access to the circulation and, thus, the systemic symptoms in anaphylaxis models. For example, allergen ingestion typically induces anaphylaxis that includes gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea [4]. These intestinal anaphylaxis models in mice are dependent on IgE-induced mast cell activation, and the release of PAF and serotonin (rather than histamine) [1,4]. 

Mast cell degranulation in response to allergens results in release of mediators such as histamine eosinophil, and neutrophil chemotactic factors leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 prostaglandins and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Histamine is capable of inducing smooth muscle constriction and bronchospasm and may play a role in mucosal edema and mucus secretion. 

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