Intestinal anaphylaxis

The route of antigen administration can alter the speed of antigen access to the circulation and, thus, the systemic symptoms in anaphylaxis models. For example, allergen ingestion typically induces anaphylaxis that includes gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea [4]. These intestinal anaphylaxis models in mice are dependent on IgE-induced mast cell activation, and the release of PAF and serotonin (rather than histamine) [1,4]. 

Javed, N.H., Wang, Y.Z. and Cooke, H.J. (1992) Neuroimmune interactions role for cholinergic neurons in intestinal anaphylaxis. American Journal of Physiology 263, G847-G852. 

King, S.J., Miller, H.R., Newlands, G.F. and Woodbury, R.G. (1985). Depletion of mucosal mast cell protease by gluco-corticosteroids effect on intestinal anaphylaxis in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1214-1218. 

VPACj and VPAC 2—vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors WDEIA—wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis WHO—World Health Organization... 

The main varieties of adverse effects attributed to cimetidine relate to its antiandrogenic properties and its actions in sufficient concentrations on the central nervous system. There is also a spectrum of drug interactions, mainly attributable to inhibition of hepatic CYP isoforms, but they only have clinical consequences under special circumstances. Occasional adverse effects, which are generally minor, include bradycardia and conduction defects, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, interstitial nephritis, mild hepatic dysfunction, and headache. Intestinal infection due to loss of the gastric acid barrier also occurs, and myalgia, fever, monoamine oxidase-Uke interactions, and neuropathies have been well documented occasionally. Allergic reactions, such as bronchospasm, have rarely been described. Anaphylaxis with recurrence on rechallenge is on record, as are asthma and skin effects. 

Ezetimibe is used for secondary prevention against established atherosclerotic CVD to achieve an optimal atherogenic cholesterol level in patients with intolerance to high-doses of statins. It can further be used in combination with statins to achieve lower LDL-C levels in very-high-risk patients [59]. Ezetimibe inhibits the Niemann-Pick Cl-Like 1 (NPClLl)-dependent intestinal cholesterol absorption in the apical brush border membrane of jejuna enterocytes [14], and thus it only moderately lowers LDL-C (12-25 %) [60]. Meanwhile, common adverse effects associated with ezetimibe therapy include gastrointestinal disturbances, while infrequent adverse effects such as rash, angioedema, anaphylaxis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, thrombocytopenia, raised creatine kinase, myopathy, and rhabdomyolysis may occur [46]. 

The peptidoleukotrienes play a major role in the pathophysiological sequelae of anaphylaxis by exerting profound effects on smooth muscle tone. Peptidoleukotrienes contract respiratory, vascular, and intestinal smooth muscle. Furthermore, peptidoleukotrienes have potent effects on the cardiovascular system including coronary vasoconstriction, reduced heart rate, arteriolar constriction, venule dila-... 

Kendall, A. J. and Bishop, G. H., Effects of histamine, formaldehyde and anaphylaxis upon the response to electrical stimulation of guinea-pig intestinal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 85, 561 (1928). 

Less common adverse events weakness, headache, agitation, tremor, uncoordinated muscle movements, seizure, alterations of mood, muscle rigidity, transient haUucinations, disorientation, visual disturbances, insomnia, increased intracranial pressme, dry mouth, biliary tract spasm, laryngospasm, anorexia, diarrhea, cramps, taste alteration, constipation, ileus, intestinal obstruction, dyspepsia, increases in hepatic enzymes, flushing of the face, chills, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitation, faintness, syncope, urine retention or hesitance, amenorrhea, reduced libido and/or potency, pruritus, luticaria, edema, diaphoresis, anti-diuretic effect, paresthesia, bronchospasm, muscle tremor, blmred vision, nystagmus, diplopia, miosis, anaphylaxis. 

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