High production volume importing

The process and economics are detailed (21). Owing to the complex nature of the wastes, the process becomes economical only at high production volumes. Several alternative schemes could be developed based on available technologies. Of primary importance is a thorough understanding of the types and constituents of the wastes that feed the processes. Once this is defined, the process options must be considered and tested. A knowledge of what the process caimot do, ie, its limitations, is just as important as a clear understanding of process capabiUties. 

HPVIS provides complete and easy access to technical health and environmental effect information on chemicals that are manufactured or imported to US in volumes greater than IMM lbs per year. Information in this database are submitted through HPV Challenge Program. HPVIS allows users to search for summary information, test plans, and new data on high production volume chemicals as they are developed. 

HPVCs (High Production Volume Chemicals) and LPVCs (Low Production Volume Chemicals), including EU Producers/Importers lists... 

For existing substances, the data collection consists of three phases. The ESR was initially concerned with the so-called HPVCs (High Production Volume Chemicals). HPVCs are those substances, which are covered by the data collection phases I and II of the ESR, i.e., those substances which have been imported or produced in quantities exceeding 1000 tons per year and produced/imported between March 23 1990 and March 23 1994. During phase I, 1884 substances were extracted from EINECS - referred to as the HPVC list these substances are listed in Annex I of ESR. The total list of substances reported under phases I and II of the Regulation is now referred to as the EU-HPVC list. 

The High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program provides extensive data on chemicals manufactured in or imported to the United States in amounts of at least... 

With so many chemicals in existence, the USEPA has had to set priorities for testing chemicals. First, low-volume chemicals, which are produced or imported at a rate of less than 10,000 pounds per year, were excluded. Approximately 25,000 chemicals are in this category. Second, polymers, which typically are not toxic, were dropped from the list, which left approximately 15,000 nonpolymer chemicals produced or imported in quantities from 10,000 pounds per year up to 1 million pounds per year. As a result, the USEPA has focused its testing on the 3000 to 4000 high-production-volume (HPV) and nonpolymer chemicals (USEPA, 1998b). 

When there are no monitoring data available on environmental contamination, a combination of high production or import volumes (i.e., above 1000 tonnes per year in the EU) and the intrinsic physicochemical properties of persistency and bioaccumulation provide the basis for rating for that part of the indicator for social mobilisation. In this scheme, these two physico-chemical characteristics of... 

Regulatory action indicator High non-threshold carcinogen mutagen Low mostly used as an intermediate open-batch use limited to a few sites not contained in professional or consumer products High persistent and bioaccumulative properties but there are no relevant monitoring data high production and import volumes technical reports indicate that several substitutes exist... 

A discussion on manufactured costs of fuel ceU vehicles, with particular emphasis to PEMFC stacks and BOP components, is useful to assess the present limits for the commercialization with high production volumes. Recent evaluations evidenced that the estimated costs related to PEMFC and integrated FCSs results too high, at least four to five times higher than conventional engines [15, 53, 54]. At this regard PEMFC stack materials and the relative complexity of FCS play an important role in determining the overaU expected cost. A drastic reduction of the costs is then crucial for a realistic application in automotive field. 

High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge is a program defined in 1998 by the EPA for toxicological assessment of substances that are manufactured or imported into the United States. 

The data reporting is divided into two broad categories - first, data on high production volume (HPV) substances produced or imported in quantities exceeding 1000 tonnes per year, and secondly, data on low production volume (LPV) substances which have been produced or imported in quantities between 10 and 1000 tonnes per year. 

Council Regulation 793/93 divides existing chemicals into two categories High Production Volume Chemicals (HPVC), produced or imported in quantities exceeding 1000 tonnes per year and Low Production Volume Chemicals (LPVC), produced or imported in quantities between 10 and 1000 tonnes per year. The hst of HPVCs includes 22 phthalic acid esters, both single compounds and technical mixtures with dilferent isomers. A further 11 phthalates are compiled in the list of LPVC. The most commonly used phthalate esters are DEHP (which accounts for around half of consumption in Western Europe, DINP and DIDP, which represents the 52.2% of phthalate consumption in the United States and more than 85% of phthalate esters production in Western Europe. ... 

The Regulation was initi y coiu emfid witti so-cdled High Production Volume Chemicals (HPVCs), imported or produced in quantities exceeding 1000 tonnes per year, followed by diose of lower volumes (between 10 and ICKK) tam s). 

This very nseful regulation, after more than a qnarter century of practice does not give sufficient information. EPA has selected a group of High Production Volume, HPV, chemicals which constitutes 2,863 organic chemicals produced or imported at or above 1 million pounds per year in the United States. These chemicals have a large impact on health and safety becanse of their widespread application. EPA s analysis found that no basic toxicity information, i.e., neither hrrman health nor environmental toxicity, is publicly available for 43% of the high volume chemicals manufactured in the US and that a full set of basic toxicity information is available for only 7% of these chemicals. 

The OECD has identified 20 metal substances as High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals (OECD 2009) (Table 7.3). HPV chemicals include all chemicals reported to be produced or imported at amounts exceeding 1,000 tons per year in at least one OECD manber country or in the European Union region. None of the metals identified as HPV chemicals have an OECD Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) (OECD 2007). The SIDS is described in http //www.oecd.org/Hpv/UI/Search.aspx. 

In the United States, CAS number 88-73-3, Benzene, l-chloro-2-nitro-, is listed on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Non-Confidential Inventory with no Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) [38]. It has been designated as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical [39]. In the European Union (EU), ONCB has been notified under REACH as an intermediate and as a chemical produced or imported at 100-1,000 tormes per armum. The REACH notifications refer to use as an intermediate in closed processes, and to use as a laboratory reagent [40]. In China, ONCB is listed on the Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances Produced or Imported in China (lESC) it is also listed in the Catalog of Hazardous Chemicals [41]. 

From the EINECS list a EU-HPVC list (EU high production volume compounds expected to be produced or imported at above 1000 tonnes/year) was compiled in two phases. 

Once parts are optimally consolidated within an assembly, there are additional DFMA guidelines that should be considered to reduce assembly times and costs. Perhaps most importantly is the use of top down assembly in which parts are assembled from above in straight-down motions this strategy also supports fully automated assembly in applications with high production volumes. The motivation for the top-down approach is that it allows for the fixturing of a base part on an assembly line without need for subsequent reorientation for access to the reverse side of the base. An operator can then rapidly insert other parts in the assembly given visual access to the assembly. With both hands free, the operator can use one hand to insert the part and their second hand to use a tool if necessary. Plastic parts should be designed (and fasteners specified) to be identical or clearly differentiated by size, color, or obvious asymmetry. In this manner, the number of components in the assembly s bill of materials is further reduced... 

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