Inactivation chemical

Unlike classical neurotransmitters, adenosine does not have a rapid synaptic uptake system (as for the biogenic amines), and its chemical inactivation system is not as rapid as for the transmitter acetylcholine, for example. Adenosine may be metabolized extracellularly and inactivated with respect to the ARs in a more general fashion by the widespread enzymes adenosine kinase (AK, to produce AMP) and adenosine deaminase (AD, to produce inosine). Both AMP and inosine are only weakly active at ARs, depending on the subtype. 

The most resistant of all infectious agents to chemical inactivation are the prions, which cause transmissible degenerative encephalopathies. 

Enzymatic Gram-negative Chemical inactivation Chlorhexidine... 

Microbiological oxidation has proven of enormous value in steroid chemistry, often affording selective means of functionalizing remote and chemically inactivated positions. It will bear mentioning that the 11-oxygen for all commercially available corticoids is in fact introduced by such a reaction carried out on plant scale. Preparation of the 1-dehydro analogue of 207 involves biooxidation to introduce the 16-hydroxyl. Incubation of 6a-fluoroprednisolone... 

A substance which results in the chemical inactivation of a metal. The catalytic effect of heavy metals, mainly copper and manganese, on the oxidation of unsaturated compounds such as rubber, results in very rapid deterioration. Chelating agents convert the metal into a chelate co-ordination compound and thus render the metal inactive. The term sequestering agents has been applied to chelating agents but this infers that the metal has been removed and not merely inactivated. 

III.d.5. Antidote Antagonism or Chemical Inactivation of an Absorbed Poison... 

Gotten, M., Wagner, E., Zatloukal, K., Phihips, S., Curiel, D.T., and Bimstiel, M.L. (1992). High-efficiency receptor-mediated delivery of small and large (48 kilobase) gene constructs using the endosome-disruption activity of defective or chemically inactivated adenovirus particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 6094 6098. 

Karpova AY, Tervo DG, Gray NW, Svoboda K. Rapid and reversible chemical inactivation of synaptic transmission in genetically targeted neurons. Neuron 2005 48 727-735. 

A molecule that chemically inactivates an enzyme only after undergoing... 

In practice, such obedience to first-order kinetics is rare for chemical inactivation. More commonly, deviations from first-order kinetics are obtained, when there is either an initial lag in the rate of killing (Fig. 2A) or when the rate of killing decreases with time of exposure (Fig. 2B). The former is commonly observed when the concentrations of preservative are... 

Infectivity can be reduced by introducing good manufacturing practice (GMP), both in blood banks and in plasma fractionation units. The sterility of the final products is checked and virus inactivation measures (for example heat treatment and/or chemical inactivation) are taken whenever appropriate. At present, virus inactivation procedures are most relevant to non-cellular products, although leukodepletion procedures using filtration have been used for infectious agents that are almost exclusively intracellular. 

Plasma-derived factor VIII concentrates have been implicated in the transmission of the non-enveloped hepatitis A and parvovirus B19 (28). The virus-inactivating procedures now in use (chemical inactivation, wet-heat treatment, and nanofiltration) should provide coagulation factors without risk of transmitting HIV and with a very high safety for hepatitis virus. Nevertheless, recombinant factor VIII is considered a safer alternative. 

Organic matter can have a drastic effect on antimicrobial capacity either by adsorption or chemical inactivation, thus reducing the concentration of active agent in solution or by acting as a barrier to the penetration of the disinfectant. Blood, body fluids, pus, milk, food residues or colloidal proteins, even present in small amounts, all reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents to varying degrees, and... 

A number of analytical techniques have been used to measure isoenzymes or isoforms. They include electrophoresis (see Chapter 5), chromatography (see Chapter 6), chemical inactivation, and differences in catalytic properties, but the most common routine methods are now based on immunochemical methods. 

The phenomenon of viral adsorption to various surfaces was extensively studied from an environmental standpoint as reviewed by Daniels (14) and Gerba (15) for prevention of various waterborne viral transmissions. The problem of virus removal from complex protein solutions is very different from that of sewage and drinking water treatment processes because most protein molecules compete for the active sites of the adsorbents. Hence, both the adsorption rate and capacity diminish in the presence of protein molecules (16). It is the intention of this paper to demonstrate and to compare the antiviral activity of a surface-bonded QAC in aqueous solutions against 2 model viruses with and without the presence of proteins. The efficacy of the accepted antiviral thermo-inactivation was compared with the viral inactivation method by the surface-bonded QAC treatment. Beta-lactamase was used as a thermolabile model protein (17), and bacteriophage T2 and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1, an enveloped animal virus) were used as model hydrophilic and hydrophobic viruses to test these chemical inactivation methods. 

Chemical inactivation, which results from changes in primary structure [6]... 

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