Health toxicology data

Health and Safety. Littie toxicological data are available on borates other than boric acid and borax. Most water-soluble borates have the same toxicological effects as borax when adjusted to account for differences ia 2 3 content. 

Facility assessment of toxicological data, quantity of material used, and operating conditions indicated plausible conditions exist which could cause serious health effects to nearby receptor. 

Contains the health hazards and risks, toxicological data, and first aid procedures Exposure routes and limits signs and symptoms target organs and medical conditions aggravated by exposure. 

Vettorazzi, G. in "The Evaluation of Toxicological Data for the Protection of Public Health " Proc. Int. Colloq. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1976, Hunter, W.J Smeets, J.G.P.M., Eds. Pergamon Oxford,... 

Based on the chemistry data collected and the toxicology data consulted, there was no clear evidence that emissions from the Maalaea landfill presented acute (short-term) or chronic long-term) health hazards to the Maalaea community. 

Although the US is one of the few countries to have a formal system for monitoring adverse reactions from food additives as part of its regulatory structure, other countries also periodically review additives. In addition, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO) also monitors food additives. Since 1956, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has developed specifications for the purity of additives, evaluated toxicological data, and recommended safe levels of use. 

There is little toxicological data available for extracts of carrots, alfalfa, com oil, palm oil, tomatoes, etc. The JECFA had no objections to their use as food colorants provided that the levels of use did not exceed that normally present in vegetables. A number of toxicity experiments were conducted on Dimaliella algae in view of its increasing importance in the health food area. Twelve studies on D. salina indicated no problems. ( is beta-carotene was absorbed to a lesser extent than trans beta-carotene. Furahashi suggested a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of 2.5 g kg/day for extracts from D. Hardawil 2 The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the World Health Organization/United Nations (JECFA) did not establish an NOEL or an ADI because of the variation in the composition of the products. 

In the 1992 edition, flavoring substances are classified into Category A or B based on the information currently available (i.e., Category A - flavoring substances which may be used in foodstuffs, or Category B - flavoring substances for which further information is required before an opinion on their safety-in-use can be determined) (CE, 1992). In addition, where available, an ADI is specified by the Committee of Experts. The ADI is typically the one recommended by JECFA, and, in cases where the substance has not been evaluated by JECFA and where toxicological data are insufficient to establish an ADI, acceptable upper use levels in food (i.e., those that would be considered to result in no risk to health) are specified. 

The Committee does not expect long-term health effects In volunteers tested with nonanoyl morphollde at the dosages used at Edgeuood. As with CA, DM, and CHT, specific toxicologic data regarding its potential In this regard are not available. 

CA, DM, and CHT are unlikely to have produced measurable longterm health effects in volunteers exposed at Edgewood. But there are no specific toxicologic data on the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds. CHT is less toxic than CN or DM when administered acutely. 

Provides toxicology data for more than 130,000 chemicals in four categories substance identification toxicity/biomedical effects toxicology and carcinogenicity review and exposure standards and regulations. Built and maintained by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a segment of the Toxic Release Inventory database. Available online, CD-ROM and computer tape from NIOSH and from commercial database vendors. 

An important outcome of the JECFA evaluation is the establishment of an ADI for a food additive. The ADI is based on the available toxicological data and the no adverse effect level in the relevant species. JECFA defines the ADI as an estimate of the amount of a food additive, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk (8). JECFA utilizes animal data to determine the ADI based on the highest no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), and a safety factor is applied to the NOAEL to provide a margin of safety when extrapolating animal data to humans. JECFA typically uses safety factors of 50, 100, or 200 in the determination of an ADI. The NOAEL is divided by the safety factor to calculate the ADI. The food additive is considered safe for its intended use if the human exposure does not exceed the ADI on a chronic basis. This type of information may potentially be used to help assess the safety of a pharmaceutical excipient that is also used as a food additive, based on a comparison of the ADI to the estimated daily intake of the excipient. 

Sources of information pertaining to toxic substances indude local and national health organizations in many countries. Several treatises on the subject have been prepared, including the broad spectrum Sax s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2000. This book contains 20.000 entries, each of which gives physical, chemical, and toxicological data about potentially hazardous materials. 

Already in 1974 the member companies of ETAD (Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigments Manufacturers) voluntarily obliged themselves to develop a Safety Data Sheet with appropriate information on the hazardous potential of colorants. Customers were supplied with these health hazard data long before any official legislation existed. Nowadays Safety Data Sheets have spread all over the world. 

Estimates of risks to human health resulting from disposal of hazardous wastes will nearly always be calculated values based on models. Even if health effects were to occur in the future, they are likely to be unobservable in the background of similar effects from all causes. Therefore, mathematical predictions of risks are required. In general, risk assessment is the process by which toxicology data... 

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