Hazardous Air Pollutant List

U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. Reference Guide to Odor Thresholds for Hazardous Air Pollutants Listed in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. EPA/600/ R-92/014. Air Risk Information Support Center, EPA, Washington, DC. 

Any hazardous air pollutant listed under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act... 

Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories-Regulations Governing Extension for Early Reductions of Hazardous Air Pollutants-list of high-risk pollutants... 

Catalytic hydrotreatment is widely used in the petroleum Industry to remove sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen from crude oil fractions. However, its use to treat chlorocarbons has not been widely reported despite the widespread use of these compounds in industrial and military operations, and despite the negative environmental impact associated with most disposal options. Catalytic hydrotreatment has the potential to be a safe alternative for the treatment of chlorinated wastes and has advantages over oxidative destruction methods such as thermal incineration and catalytic oxidation. Some of these advantages include the ability to reuse the reaction products, and minimal production of harmful byproducts, such as CI2, COCI2, or fragments of parent chlorocarbons. 1,1,1- Trichloroethane was chosen for this research because it is widely used in industry as a solvent and is on the EPA Hazardous Air Pollutant list as a toxic air contaminant and ozone depleter. ... 

A) any substance designated pursuant to Section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, (B) any element, compound, mixture, solution, or substance designated pursuant to section 102 of this Act, (C) any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (but not including any waste the regulation of which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act has been suspended by Act of Congress), (D) any toxic pollutant listed under section 307(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, (E) any hazardous air pollutant listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act, and (F) any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture with respect to which the Administrator has taken action pursuant to section 7 of the Toxic Substances Control Act. 

EPA. 1993. Reference guide to odor thresholds for hazardous air pollutants listed in the clean air act amendments of 1990. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PB92-239516. 

Any hazardous air pollutant listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act, as amended. There are over 200 substances listed as hazardous air pollutants under the Clean Air Act (CAA). 

Table 6. Substances Listed as Hazardous Air Pollutants as Defined by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments...

Code ofFederalKegulations, Tide 40, Section 63.185, List of Volatile Hazardous Air Pollutants, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Poly(vinyl chloride) is Hsted on the TSCA inventory and the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) as ethene, chloro-, homopolymer [9002-86-2]. Because polymers do not appear on the European Community Commercial Chemical Substances listing or EINECS, poly(vinyl chloride) is listed through its monomer, vinyl chloride [75-01-4]. In the United States, poly(vinyl chloride) is an EPA hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act Section 112 (40 CER 61) and is covered under the New Jersey Community Right-to-Know Survey N.J. Environmental Hazardous Substances (EHS) List as "chloroethylene, polymer" with a reporting threshold of 225 kg (500 lb). 

Unbumed Hydrocarbons Various unburned hydrocarbon species may be emitted from hydrocarbon flames. In general, there are two classes of unburned hydrocarbons (1) small molecules that are the intermediate products of combustion (for example, formaldehyde) and (2) larger molecules that are formed by pyro-synthesis in hot, fuel-rich zones within flames, e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, and various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Many of these species are listed as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) in Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 and are therefore of particular concern. In a well-adjusted combustion system, emission or HAPs is extremely low (typically, parts per trillion to parts per billion). However, emission of certain HAPs may be of concern in poorly designed or maladjusted systems. 

EPA must promulgate a list of categories and subcategories of major sources and area sources of listed hazardous air pollutants. 

EPA is required to promulgate standards for all listed categories and subcategories of sources of hazardous air pollutants. 

List of Pollutants and Source Categories The law lists 189 hazardous air pollutants. One year after enactment EPA lists source categories (industries) which emit one or more of the 189 pollutants. In two years, EPA must publish a schedule for regulation of the listed source categories. 

List five categories (such as hazardous waste incineration) that may be considered as major" or "area sources of hazardous air pollutants,... 

Before the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (3), hazardous air pollutants were regulated through federal promulgation of the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS). The EPA listed only eight hazardous air pollutants under NESHAPS. 

Massively expand the list of hazardous air pollutants. This inihal list contained 189 hazardous air pollutants. 

US Congress amended the Federal Clean Air Act in 1990 to address a large number of air pollutants that are known to cause or may reasonably be anticipated to cause adverse effects to human health or adverse environmental effects. 188 specific pollutants and chemical groups were initially identified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), and the list has been modified over time. 

List of over 800 chemicals from. Section 102 of CERCLA, Clean Water Act fist of hazardous substances and priority pollutants (Section 211(b)(2)(a) or 307(a)), Any hazardous waste as defined under Section 3001 of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Clean Air Act list of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) (Section 112) Toxic Substances Control Act list of imminent hazards (Section 7). 

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the mandate is to establish, during the first phase, technology-based maximum achievable control technology (MACT) emission standards that apply to the major categories or subcategories of sources of the listed hazardous air pollutants (EPA, 1997). In addition, Title III provides for health-based standards that address the issue of residual risks due to air toxic emissions from the sources equipped with MACT and to determine whether the MACT standards can protect health with an ample margin of safety. 

Section 112 of the original Clean Air Act that dealt with hazardous air pollutants has been greatly expanded by the 1990 amendments. The list of hazardous air pollutants has been increased manyfold. In addition, the standards for emission control have been tightened and raised to a very high level, referred to as the best of the best, in order to reduce the risk of exposure to various hazardous air pollutants. 

EPA. 1985c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Intent to list chloroform as a hazardous air pollutant. Federal Register 50 39626-39629. 

A number of metals and their compounds have been found to pose health risks to humans, other animals, and plants. When they occur in air, these metals are sometimes regarded as pollutants. Title III of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act, for example, lists the following elements and their compounds as "hazardous air pollutants antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium. 

Hazardous Air Pollutants. Tide 3 of the CAAA of 1990 addresses the release of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) by requiring both the identification of major stationary sources and area source categories for 189 toxic chemicals and the promulgation of control standards. Major sources of air toxics, also referred to as HAPs, include any stationary source or group of sources emitting 10 or more tons/yr of any single listed toxic chemical or 25 tons/yr of a combination of any listed toxic. Area sources of HAPs include smaller plants that emit less than the 10 or 20 tons/yr thresholds. The major sources of HAPs are typically industrial facilities. However, Tide 3 requires the EPA to study potential health affects associated with emissions of HAPs from electric utility boilers (11). 

Butadiene, a major commodity chemical used in the production of synthetic rubber, is listed as one of 189 hazardous air pollutants under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Butadiene is a carcinogen in rats and mice, with mice being substantially more sensitive than rats. The extent to which butadiene poses risk of cancer to humans exposed to this chemical is uncertain. The data include in vitro studies on butadiene metabolism using tissues from humans, rats, and mice as well as experimental data and physiological model predictions for butadiene in blood and butadiene epoxides in blood, lung, and liver after exposure of rats and mice to inhaled butadiene (Bond et al., 1996). 

The development of new models for the prediction of chemical effects in the environment has improved. An Eulerian photochemical air quality model for the prediction of the atmospheric transport and chemical reactions of gas-phase toxic organic air pollutants has been published. The organic compounds were drawn from a list of 189 species selected for control as hazardous air pollutants in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The species considered include benzene, various alkylbenzenes, phenol, cresols, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and perchloroethyl-ene, among others. The finding that photochemical production can be a major contributor to the total concentrations of some toxic organic species implies that control programs for those species must consider more than just direct emissions (Harley and Cass, 1994). This further corroborates the present weakness in many atmospheric models. 

Fire-retardant coatings currently in use contain a number of ingredients that are either considered to be toxic heavy metals or on the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) list. In addition, there is concern that the use of halogenated chemicals in these coatings and other products will be banned in the future. A recent paper contains the details of two reformulations programs. The first is a reformulation of a low VOC chlorinated alkyd coating and the second is a reformulation of a chlorinated emulsion system. Both programs successfully reduced the heavy metals and lowered the HAPs to an acceptable level (Dahm, 1996). 

Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate is listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) imder to Section 112 (b) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) (U.S. Congress 1990). The national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) which were established pursuant to Section 112 of the CAA (as amended November 15, 1990), regulate specific categories of stationary sources that emit or have the potential to emit one or more HAPs. HDl is listed as a volatile HAP for wood furniture manufacturing operations in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 63, Subpart JJ (EPA 1995). 

Listed as Hazardous Air Pollutant National Emission Standards for Wood Furniture Manufacturing Operations—Table 2. L.ist of Volatile Hazardous Air Pollutants... 

CAA. 1990. Clean Air Act amendments. Title 3, Section 112(b). List of hazardous air pollutants. 

The numerical value shows the threshold limit value (TLV), which is defined as the maximum permissible vapor concentration that the average person can be exposed for 8 h per day, 5 days per week without harm, in ppm (cm3 of solvent vapor per 1 m3 of air). The mark T shows the solvent has been listed in Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP). C shows that the solvent is or is suspected to be carcinogenic (Table 20.1.3 of Wy-pych, G. (Ed.) Handbook of Solvents, ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, 2001). 

In the U.S.. poly(vinyl chlonde) is an EPA hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act Section 112 (40 CFR 61) and is covered under the New Jersey Community Riglit-to-Know Survey N.J. Environmental Hazardous Substances (EIlS) List as chloroethylene. polymer with a reporting threshold of 225 kg (500 lb). 

---