Hazard classification scheme

Table 3. Triboelectrically caused ESD particle charging hazard classification scheme based on powder resistivity y (Glor, 1988).

Table 7. Hazard classification scheme for wastes discharged into the environment [HAS 2],...

To accomplish this objective, a review of the current hazard classification schemes was conducted. Major deficiencies were uncovered. They related to the classification procedures, to the implementation of the procedures, and to the final usage of the... 

It is realized that some regulatory authorities may need flexibility beyond that developed in the hazard classification scheme. For inclusion into Safety Data Sheets, positive results in any carcinogenicity study performed according to good scientific principles with statistically significant results may be considered. 

A9.1.2 The hazard classification scheme has been developed with the object of identifying those... 

While such recommendations have, in themselves, no force in law, they form the basis for the codes and regulations of the various international modal transport organizations covering the conveyance of dangerous chemicals by air, sea, rail, road and inland waterway. The UN chemical hazard classification scheme is distinctly different from that of the EC. For transportation purposes, a chemical is regarded as hazardous if it meets the critoia of one or more of 8 hazard classes, all related to the possible immediate adverse consequences to both man and the environment resulting fi-om an accident or fire during conveyance of a chemical. 

Originally the classification of materials was derived from tests of proprietary explosion-proof (flameproof) enclosures. There were no published criteria. Equipment was approved relative to the lowest ignition temperature of any material in the group (Magison 1987). In about 1965 the U.S. Coast Guard asked the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to form a panel to classify 200 materials of commerce. The Electrical Hazards Panel of the Committee on Hazardous Materials was formed by the NAS. The Panel studied many ways to estimate the hazard classification of materials. The Panel finally reported to die U.S. Coast Guard in 1970 that no workable, predicdve scheme could be defined, and it then proceeded to assign tentative classifications to the 200 materials. 

The project began with an extensive evaluation of 900 reported incidents involving failures of fixed pipework on chemical and major hazard plant. As part of the analysis a failure classification scheme was developed which considered the chief causes of failures, the possible prevention or recovery mechanism that could have prevented the failure and the underlying cause. The classification scheme is summarized in Figure 2.13. A typical event classification would be... 

Hurst, N. W., Bellamy, L. J., Geyer, T. A., Astley, J. A. (1991). A Classification Scheme for Pipework Failures to Include Human and Socio-Technical Errors and their Contribution to Pipework Failure Frequencies. Journal of Hazardous Materials 26, 159-186. 

The Swedish Classification Scheme initiated in 2005 by the Swedish Association of Pharmacy Industries (LIF), the Swedish Medical Products Agency, Apoteket (National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies), the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions and the Stockholm County Council, take in account Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT) characteristics of pharmaceutical products. This voluntary scheme looks at the environmental hazard and the associated risk of pharmaceutical products. The environmental risk is calculated based on the ratio PEC/PNEC according to the EMEA guideline [17,124, 127]. The obtained information is only available on the website www.fss.se, since due to European restrictions it is not possible to include warning labels on the packaging of medications [17]. 

Table 6. Point allocation scheme for sample ranking and hazard classification based on a toxicity test core battery [HAS 1].

The general objective, principle, and scope of application of the pT-method are succinctly described in Section 1 and also reported elsewhere in this book (see Chapter 3 of this volume, Section 5.1), where readers will appreciate that this hazard assessment scheme is adaptable to both liquid and solid media. Briefly recalled here in the context of solid-media samples such as dredged material, the pT-value, which relates to a single bioassay, and the pT-index, derived from the most sensitive organism in a test battery, permit a numerical classification of environmental samples on the basis of ecotoxicological principles. Sediment from any aquatic ecosystem (freshwater, brackish, marine) and from any of its phases (whole sediment, porewaters, elutriates or organic extracts) can be appraised provided that the proper standardized toxicity tests are available. There are whole-sediment test protocols standardized for many agencies (e.g., Environment Canada, ASTM). 

There are a large number of different methods used for bench-scale assessment of combustion toxicity, and the applicability of test data to lire hazard assessment is not always clear. Obviously, toxic potency data should not be used in isolation but should either be a part of a classification scheme or as part of the input to lire risk and lire safety engineering assessments. It is important that uncertainty or confidence limits should be used with toxic potency data, because they are often relatively large. Fire effluent toxic potency does not have a unique value but is a function of the material and the fire conditions, particularly temperature and oxygen availability in the fire zone, and also the fire environment (enclosure, geometry, and ventilation). To assess the fire hazard, toxic potency data must be relevant to the end use fire situation, and the fire condition, which can be defined using the ISO classification of fire stages. 

Pulsed lasers are more hazardous than CW lasers because the eye cannot react in the time of a laser flash. The ANSI Z136.1 safety classification scheme used for pulsed lasers... 

The results of the effects testing will be used to place the material in a hazard category based on NATO-UN classification scheme and when combined with the sensitivij y data will give the material an overall hazard classification. For example, a material which is foiind to be an intense fire hazard (consequence 1.3) and sensitive (Category B) to initiation by rubbing friction would be placed in class 1.3B. 

The harmonized classification system for acute toxicity has been developed in such a way as to accommodate the needs of existing systems. A basic principle set by the lOMC Coordinating Group/Harmonization of Chemical Classification Systems (CG/HCCS) is that harmonization means establishing a common and coherent basis for chemical hazard classification and communication from which the appropriate elements relevant to means of transport, consumer, worker and environment protection can be selected . To that end, five categories have been included in the acute toxicity scheme. 

This compromise classification scheme involves consideration of differences in hazard communication practices in existing systems. It is expected that the number of affected mixtures will be small the differences will be limited to label warnings and the situation will evolve over time to a more harmonized approach. 

Table 4.1.1 Classification scheme for substances hazardous to the aquatic environment... 

Unfortunately, federal regulators chose not to use a waste classification scheme in developing the national program. They cited the lack of a reliable technical data base as their reason. As a result, the public perceives all hazardous waste as equally threatening and lethal — even though this is far from the truth. Moreover, the public also cannot now distinguish very well among facilities, particularly between land disposal ones such... 

See also Carcinogen Classification Schemes Dose-Response Relationship Exposure Assessment Exposure Criteria Hazard Identification Risk Assessment, Ecological Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Risk Characterization Risk Communication Risk Management Uncertainty Analysis. 

A Limited Announcement can be made for a new substance supplied at <1 tonne a, or to a restricted number of specified users for commercial development at above this amount for 1 year only. L.ess information is required for Limited Announcement for supply at <10 kg a, and even less for <1 kg a. Comparatively few new substances reach the 1 tonne a supply level, so most are authorised under the Limited Announcement scheme, although sometimes the full EC Base Set data are available to enable definitive and complete hazard classification and labelling and avoid having to label the substance as Caution Substance not yet fully tested . 

The ANSI Guide uses the basic DOT classification scheme with few modifications one is, however, of major importance. An Appendix creates a standard of care for the labeling of serious chronic hazards. Three general classes are established, (1) carcinogen, (2) reproductive toxicants and (3) other serious chronic effects. 

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