Ecotoxicological assessment

The Errropean Corrrrrrittee for Starrdardization (CEN) has developed a standard with reqrrire-ments for compostable products - EN 13432 [2]. With regard to acceptance for composting, basicalfy forrr characteristics are reqrrired  

It must be noted that the ecotoxicity tests were originally designed for the testing and evaluation of pure chemicals [7, 8]. Ecotoxicity tests based on the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (numbers 201,202,207 and 208) are usually emplc ed. [7]. 

According to EPA (US Enviromnental Protection Agency) ecotoxicity means toxic (harm from chemicals) effects on plants and animals, populations, or commimities. 

The goal of ecotoxicity is to understand the concentration of chemicals at which organisms in the environment will be affected. 

With regard to compostable polymer materials ecotoxicity refers to the potential environmental toxicity of residues, leachate, or volatile gases produced by the plastics during biodegradation or composting [9], 

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Cunha MA, Brito S, Moura I et al (2007) Ecotoxicological assessment of wastewaters in the framework of ECORIVER project contribution to River Basin Management. In Proceedings of the RISKBASE 1st Thematic Workshop, Lisbon, pp 87-91... 

Kusui, T. Blaise, C. Ecotoxicological assessment of Japanese industrial effluents using a battery of small-scale toxicity tests. In Impact Assessment of Hazardous Aquatic Contaminants Concept and Approaches, Salem, R., Ed. Ann Arbor Press Michigan, USA, 1998 161-181. 

Traunspurger, W. Haitzer, M. Hoss, S. Beier, S. Ahlf, W. Steinberg, C. Ecotoxicological assessment of aquatic sediments with Caenorhabditis elegans (nematoda) - a method for testing liquid medium and a whole-sediment samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1997, 16, 245-250. 

Callahan, C.A. Earthworms as ecotoxicological assessment tools. In Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management, Edwards, C.A., Neuhauhauser, E.F., Eds. SPB Academic The Hague, 1998 295-301. 

Manz, W., Krebs, F., Schipper, C.A. and den Besten, P.J. (2007). Status of ecotoxicological assessment of sediment and dredged material in Germany and The Netherlands (Hrsg.) DGE Report 5. 

Fent, K. (2001) Fish cell lines as versatile tools in ecotoxicology assessment of cytotoxicity, cytochrome P4501A induction potential and estrogenic activity of chemicals and environmental samples,... 

Ferrari, B., Radetski, C M., Veber, A.-M. and Ferard, J.-F. (1999) Ecotoxicological assessment of solid wastes a combined liquid- and solid-phase testing approach using a battery of bioassays and biomarkers, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (6), 1195-1202. 

Schweigert, N., Eggen, R.I., Escher, B.I., Burkhardt-Holm, P. and Behra, R. (2002) Ecotoxicological assessment of surface waters a modular approach integrating in vitro methods, ALTEX (Alternatives to Animal Experiments) 19 (Suppl 1), 30-37. 

Dutka, B. (1993) Ecotoxicological assessment of water, effluent and sediment quality using a battery of tests approach. Rivers research Branch, National Water Research Institute, Canada Center for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, pp. 37. 

Krebs, F. (1992) Uber die Notwendigkeit okotoxikologischer Untersuchungen an Sedimenten (On the necessity of ecotoxicological assessments of aquatic sediments), Deutsche Gewasserkundliche Mitteilungen 36,165-169. 

As stated by Johnson (1993), "hazardous waste becomes a problem when it moves", Because water is the main vector for transporting pollutants from wastes towards receiving ecosystems, WASTOXHAS, presented hereinafter, is only focused on ecotoxicological assessment of different leachates with aquatic bioassays. 

Devare, M. and Bahadir, M. (1994b) Ecotoxicological assessment of inorganic waste disposal in salt mines, part 11 phytotoxicity tests, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 3, 119-126. 

Lapa, N., Barbosa, R., Morais, J., Mendes, B., Mehu, J. and Santos Oliveira, J.F. (2002b) Ecotoxicological assessment of leachates from MSWI bottom ashes, Waste Management 22, 583-593. 

A System for Assessment. Improvement and expansion of specific tests as discussed are important, but equally so is a system or procedure for making ecotoxicological assessments from the information from these tests. The Committee proposed both a system for evaluating effects and a procedure for implementation. Evaluating environmental effects of herbicides in the forest requires two subsystems, a multi-level integrated... 

Olajire, A. A., R. Altenburger, E. Kuster, and W. Brack. 2005. Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. Sci. Total Environ. 340 123-136. 

Kontana, A., C.A. Papadimitriou, P. Samaras, et al. 2008. Bioassays and biomarkers for ecotoxicological assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater. Water Sci. Technol. 57 947-953. 

LOE Line of evidence. A set of data and associated analysis that can be used, alone or in combination with other lines of evidence, to estimate risks. Each line of evidence is qualitatively different from any others used in the risk characterization. In ecotoxicological assessments, the most commonly used lines of evidence are based on 1) biological surveys, 2) toxicity tests of contaminated media, and 3) toxicity tests of individual chemicals. 

Castano, A., M.M. Vega, T. Blazquez and J.V. Tarazona. Biological alternatives to chemical identification for the ecotoxicological assessment of industrial effluents the RTG-2 in vitro cytotoxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1607-1611, 1994. 

Callen M, Maranon E, Mastral A, et al. 1998. Ecotoxicological assessment of ashes and particulate matter from fluidized bed combustion of coal. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 41 59-61. 

This book discusses the occurence and fate cf contaminants In soil, effects on organisms, bioaccumulation and food chain transfer, and ecotoxicological assessment procedures. 

DECHEMA (1995) Bioassay for soils, Ad-Hoc-Committee Methods for toxicological/ecotoxicological assessment of soils , Deutsche Gesellschaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen, Chemische Technik und Biotechnologie e.V., G. Kreysa and J. Wiesner, Frankfurt am Main. 

OSPAR (2004) OSPAR/ICES workshop on the evaluation and update of background reference concentrations (B/RCs) and ecotoxicological assessment criteria (EACs) and how these assessment tools should be used in assessing contaminants in water, sediment and biota, OSPAR Commission, London. 

OMEGA (2006) Optimal Modelling in Ecotoxicological Assessment, version 6.0, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands. 

Weber, J., Kreutzmann. J., Plantikow, A., Pfitzner, S., Claus, E., Manz, W. and Heiniger, P. (2006) A novel particle contact assay with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ecotoxicological assessment of freshwater sediments, JSS -J. Soils Sediments, 6(2), pp. 84-91. 

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