Pollution detection

G. P. Wright, Designing Water Pollution Detection Systems, Ballinger Publishing Co., Cambridge, Mass., 1974. 

Many toxic pollutants were detected in the process wastewaters from metal molding and casting processes. The toxic pollutants detected most frequently in concentrations at or above 0.1 mg/L were phenolic compounds and heavy metals. The pollutants include 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dimethyl-phenol, phenol, 2-ethylhexyl, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. Each type of operation in the foundry industry can produce different types of pollutants in the wastewater stream. Also, because each subcategory operation often involves different processes, pollutant concentrations per casting metals may vary. 

Environmental pollution detection three bacterial bio luminescent systems 193 are investigated to determine the toxic effects of nine substances (qui-nones and phenols)... 

L. M. Lechuga, F. Prieto and B. Sepulveda, Interferometric Biosensors for environmental pollution detection, in Optical Sensors for Industrial, Environmental and Clinical Applications, Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Vol. 1, (Springer Verlag, New York, 2003). 

The use of biolc c indicators as an early detection system for severe air pollution episodes or for chronic air pollution problems is of interest to many urban and industrial control officials. Plants served as air pollution detection sterns long before pollution was acknowledged a problem by industry or government. Higher plants serve as useful detection tools, because they develop characteristic symptoms from acute exposure, even though the symptoms are not necessarily specific to cause. Cause and effect can be reliably ascertained, when an air pollution source is identified and symptom patterns are identified within given sensitive species. 

Environmental issues Pollution detection, wastewater monitoring Bosch Ojeda/Sanchez Rojas, 2009 ... 

The following is a summary of all priority pollutants detected in any of the waste streams from steam electric power plants ... 

Table 6 presents a summary of toxic and classical pollutants detected in three common cleansing solutions ammoniacal sodium bromate, hydrochloric acid without copper complexer, and hydrochloric acid with copper complexer. 

POLLUTION DETECTION WITH OPTO-ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY... 

STEP TUNABLE LASER - OA ABSORPTION POLLUTION DETECTION... 

Figure 10. Steptuned COg/CO laser-OA pollution detection spectrometer...

Reid, J., J. Shewchun, B. K. Garside, and E. A. Ballik, High Sensitivity Pollution Detection Employing Tunable Diode Lasers, Appl. Opt, 17, 300-307 (1978). 

Pollution detection and monitoring projects should be planned and conducted within the guidelines that were found useful for all hydrochemical studies (Chapter 7). To these should be added the requirement for specialized laboratories that analyze the specific compounds present in unusual wastes. 

M. Bancroft, in T. Y. Toribara (Ed.), Environmental Pollutants Detection and Measurement, Plenum Press, New York, 1978. 

Sampling of Gaseous Pollutants. Gaseous pollutant detection is dependent upon the chemistry7 of the material involved. 

Herschkovitz et al. ([69] Section 3.3.3.2) reported formaldehyde, a major air pollutant, detection in solution phase based on the coupling of a biosensor measuring device and a flow injection system. Amperometric formaldehyde sensor was constructed using screen-printed carbon ink electrodes modified with osmium-based hydrogel and then placing formaldehyde dehydrogenase immobilized nylon membrane directly onto the electrode. The sensor is selective, inexpensive, stable over several days, easy to construct and... 

The MZI devices can be evaluated using an experimental set-up as the one shown in Fig. 5.10. For the TIR device, the lower detection limit measured was Ano min = 7 X 10 , equivalent to an effective refractive index of AN — 4 X 10 , which means a lowest phase shift measurable around 0.01 x 2-17. A typical curve from an MZI device is shown in Fig. 5.11. The detection limit corresponds to a surface sensitivity around 2 X 10 nm . The MZI biosensor has been extensively used for different applications such as environmental pollutant detection [55,56], protein-protein interaction or detection of proteins in blood samples [57]. 

For natural water, STAC can provide water quality monitoring with continuous multi-parametric determination and nitrate measurements. This online analyser could be also very efficient in case of accidental pollution detection in particular for organic contaminants or in case of urban WWTP dysfunction investigation. 

Van Dyk, T.K., Majarain, W.R., Konstantinov, K.B., Young, R.M., Dhuijati, P.S. and Larossa, R.A. (1994) Rapid and sensitive pollutant detection by induction of heat shock gene biolu-minescece gene fusions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 1414-1420. 

Technical support of the European Commission and in particular the Management Committee on Marine Pollution (MCMP), in the field of oil pollution detection and tracking by satellite monitoring ... 

Looser MO, Parriaux A, Bensimon M (1999) Landfill underground pollution detection and characterization using inorganic traces. Wat Res 17, 3609-3616. 

The AIREYE SLAR will have a 200-kW transmitter vs. 45 kW in AOSS. It will also have a dry film silver radar processor instead of a wet chemical processor. It will be the primary oil pollution detection sensor, detecting slicks by reduction of ocean clutter from 2-25 miles on both sides of the aircraft and providing a near-real-time annotated map. 

An additional study which used the lichen Ramalina ecklonii as a bioindicator of atmospheric pollution in Cordoba (Levin and Pignata, 1995) analyzed the content of S, chlorophylls, phaeophytins, soluble proteins and oxidation products measured as conjugated dienes in the lichen. This study, carried out in an urban polluted site, to evaluate the lichen as a bioindicator of atmospheric pollution, detected a significant degradation of chlorophyll and relative high S contents. 

Biotesting based on photosynthetic material is new and a potentially commercially viable method of pollutant detection. The photosynthetic apparatus including photosystem II (PSII) is particularly sensitive to heavy metals. In this chapter, the mechanisms of heavy metals action on photosystem II are discussed. The characteristics of different biosensors based on immobilized photosynthetic material are compared and the possibility to use immobilized photosystem II sub-membranes fractions as a tool to monitor environmental sample contained the heavy metals (sewage sludge) is demonstrated. 

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