Groundnuts

ICKISKV, Jlflatoxin Contamination of Groundnut Proceedings of the International Workshop, ICRISAT Center, Patanchem. India, 1989. 

P. S. Reddy, ed.. Groundnut, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, 1988. 

A wide number of proteia sources are available for use ia dairy substitutes. These iaclude animal proteias, ie, skim milk ia Hquid, coadeased, or dry form (filled products) caseia, caseiaates, and coprecipitates whey proteias oil-seed proteias, fish proteias and blood proteias. Oil-seed proteia sources iaclude soybean proteia coaceatrates and isolates, groundnut proteia, cottoaseed proteia, and sunflower seed, rapeseed, coconut, and sesame seed proteias (see Soybeans AND other oil seed). Other sources are leaf and single-cell proteias (see Foods, nonconventional). Of these proteia sources, milk and soybean proteias are most widely used. Proteia usage is based oa economics, flavor, fuactioaahty, and availabiUty. 

Other Proteins. Groundnut, fish, and cottonseed proteins have been used to a limited degree in dairy substitutes. The properties of the materials are discussed in thehterature (5). 

Milk. Imitation milks fall into three broad categories filled products based on skim milk, buttermilk, whey, or combinations of these synthetic milks based on soybean products and toned milk based on the combination of soy or groundnut (peanut) protein with animal milk. Few caseinate-based products have been marketed (1,22,23). Milk is the one area where nutrition is of primary concern, especially in the diets of the young. Substitute milks are being made for human and animal markets. In the latter area, the emphasis is for products to serve as milk replacers for calves. The composition of milk and filled-milk products based on skim milk can be found in Table 10. Table 15 gives the composition of a whey /huttermilk-solids-hased calf-milk replacer, which contains carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for proper viscosity of the product. 

In addition to the natural protein fibres wool and silk, fibres have been produced commercially from other proteins. These materials were introduced as wool substitutes but today have little or no significance. Mention may, however, be made of ArdiP products from the groundnut protein and marketed for some years after World War II by ICI. Compared with wool it had inferior wet and dry strength and abrasion resistance. The inclusion of up to 20% ArdiP into wool, however, yielded a product with negligible loss in wearing properties. 

Garlic, sweet potato, wheat, barley, sunflower, bean (mung), sesame, lupine, strawberry, artichke (Jerusalem), bean (kidney), bean (lima), groundnut/peanut Moderately sensitive (1.0-2.0ppm)... 

The first engines invented by Rudolf Diesel ran on groundnut oil, but because of the advent of relatively cheap oil this type of biodiesel never became commercially viable. Since about 1930 the diesel engine has been refined and fine tuned to run on the diesel fraction of crude oil, which consists mainly of saturated hydrocarbons. For this reason the modem diesel engine cannot run satisfactorily on a pure vegetable oil feedstock because of problems of high viscosity, deposit formation in the injection system and poor cold-start properties. Today, however, environmental... 

Pale, E. et al., Anthocyanins from Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), J. Agric. Food Chem., 45, 3359, 1997. 

In many cases, the incorporation of organic matter in the soil may be a beneficial alternative to chemicals for plant disease control. Lor example, Viana et al. (2000) reported that matured cattle manure and sugarcane husks are efficient alternatives for control of bean damping-off (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Larmyard manure applied at 5 t/ha once every three years reduced dry root rot (Macrophominaphaseolina) to 32% in groundnut (Arachis... 

Harinath, N.P. and Subbarami, R.M. (1996). Effect of soil amendments with organic and inorganic manures on the incidence of dry root rot of groundnut , Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 24, 44 16. 

Stevenson PC, Anderson JC, Blaney WM, Simmonds MSJ (1993) Developmental inhibition of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae by a novel caffeoylquinic acid from the wild groundnut, Arachis paraguariensis. J Chem Ecol 19 2917-2933 Stockdale EA, Shepherd MA, Fortune S, Cuttle SP (2002) Soil fertility in organic farming systems - fundamentally different Soil Use Manage 18 301-308 Sturz AV, Christie BR, Matheson BG (1998) Associations of bacterial endophyte populations from red clover and potato crops with potential for beneficial allelopathy. Can J Microbiol 44 162-167... 

Groundnut oil, in soap making, 22 735 Ground quicklime, 75 28 production of, 75 54-56 quality control for, 75 70 uses for, 75 61-62... 

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