Green composite fiber composites

M. Sain and S. Panthapulakkal, Green fiber thermoplastic composites, in Green Composites Polymer Composites and the Environment, C. Baillie, (Ed.), Woodhead Publishing, England (2004). 

A. Hassan, A. A. Salema, EH. Ani, and A.A. Bakar, A review on oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. Polym. Compos. 31,2079-2101 (2010). R.R. Franck (Ed.), Bast and Other Plant Fibres, p. 397, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005. A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber, and O. Faruk, Natural and wood fibre reinforcement in polymers, in Rapra Review Reports, Volume 13, pp. 1-144, iSmithers Rapra Publishing (2002). C. Baillie (Ed.), Green Composites Polymer Composites and the Environment, p. 308, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK (2004). 

Arrakhiz FZ, Achaby ME, Matha M, Bensalah MO, Fassi F, Bouhfid R, Benmoussa K, Qaiss A (2013) Mechanical and thennal properties of natural fibers reinforced polymer composites doum/low density polyethylene. Mater Des 43 200-205 Baillie C (2004) Green composites polymer composites and the environment. Woodhead Publishing... 

In his recent book, Dietrich (1985) described the common habits of tourmaline as being acicular, filiform, asbestiform, and chalcedonylike, and as whiskers. This last term indicates that tourmaline composition fibers have been synthesized. The wide range of forms for minerals in this group probably accounts for some of the early confusion when samples of tourmaline were equated with asbestos. Schorl, now known to be NaFe Al6(B03)3Si60ig(0H)4, usually occurs as dark green or black acicular crystals. Based on their appearance alone, schorl could easily be mistaken for an amphibole. 

In the last 10 years, significant advances in fibrous monolithic ceramics have been achieved. A variety of materials in the form of either oxide or nonoxide ceramic for cell and cell boundary have been investigated [1], As a result of these efforts, FMs are now commercially available from the ACR company [28], These FMs are fabricated by a coextrusion process. In addition, the green fiber composite can then be wound, woven, or braided into the shape of the desired component. The applications of these FMs involve solid hot gas containment tubes, rocket nozzles, body armor plates, and so forth. Such commercialization of FMs itself proves that these ceramic composites are the most promising structural components at elevated temperatures. 

A. Bismark, S. Mishra, and T. Lampke. Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In A.K. Mahanty, M. Misra, and L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor Francis, CRC, Boca Raton, 2005, p. 65. 

Liu, Z. S.Z. Erhan D.E. Akin F.E. Barton. Green composites from renewable resources Preparation of epoxidized soybean oil and flax fiber composites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54 2134-2137. 

The ultimate goal of research in green composites is to replace the existing synthetic glass fibers with natural fibers as reinforcements and also to replace petroleum-based polymers with renewable-resource-based bipolymers as matrices in designing and engineering of biocomposite materials [33]. 

Figure 10.1 Load elongation curve of Eulaliopsis binata fiber-reinforced green composites.

Thakur, V. K., Thakur, M. K., Gupta, R. K (2014). Graft copolymers of natural fibers for green composites, Carbohvdr. Polvm.. 104,87-93. 

In an alternative work, the compatibility and mechanical properties of green coconut fiber (GCF) blended with PLA and maleic anhydride-modified PLA (PLA-g-MA) were evaluated by Wu [24]. He investigated FTIR, NMR, and XRD analysis and revealed that the formation of ester groups, via reactions between the -OH groups in GCF and the anhydride carboxyl groups in PLA-g-MA, which significantly altered the crystal structure of the composite material. Also, Wu... 

S. Kalia, B.S. Kaith, 1. Kaur, Cellulose Fibers Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites Green Chemistry and Technology, Polyolefin Based Natural Fiber Composite (Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, 2011)... 

Ashori et al. [58] used recycled PP and HDPE as matrices for lignocellulosic fiber composite using MAPP as coupling agent. This composite has been used for board preparation. Ardanuy et al. [59] prepared recycled polypropylene-based green foams reinforced with untreated and chemically treated cellulose fibers obtained from agricultural residue. Their results showed that these foams may find potential... 

Pan, P, Zhu, B., Kai, W. et al. (2007) Crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of bio-based green composites based on poly(L-lactide) and kenaf fiber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 105, 1511-1520. 

H. Kinoshita, K. Kaizu, M. Fukuda, H. Tokunaga, K. Koga and K. Ikeda, Development of green composite consists of woodchips, bamboo fibers and biodegradable adhesive . Composites Part B Eng, 2009,40, 607-12. 

Luo S., Netravali A.N., Mechanical and thermal properties of environment-friendly green composites made from pineapple leaf fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin, Polym. Compos., 20(3), 1999,367-378. 

Electrophoretic infiltration is a novel technique for the fabrication of fiber reinforced composites used by Kooner et al [234]. The technique involves arranging the fibers as one of the electrodes such that deposition of the colloidal ceramic occurs in the fiber preform. This method was investigated for the carbon fiber reinforced Si3N4 composite system and produced green composite microstruetures with good infiltration uniformity and fiber distribution, with hardly any macro defects. 

Green P, Fiber volume fraction determination of carbon epoxy composites using an acid digestion hoxah, J Mater Sci Lett, 10(19), 1162-1164, 1991. 

Bhaduii SK, Sen SK, Dasgupta PC (1983) Structural studies of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from the leaf fibre of pineapple (Ananas comosus MERR). Carbohydr Res 121 211-220 Bhattacharya TB, Biswas AK, Chatterjee J, Pramnick D (1986) Short pineapple leaf fibre reinforced rubber composites. Plast Rubb Process Appl 6 119-125 Bismarck A, Mishra S, Lampke T (2005) Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Taylor Francis, EL, Boca Raton... 

Gomes A, Matsuo T, Goda K, Ohgi J (2007) Development and effect of alkali treatment on tensile properties of curaua fiber green composites. Compos A 38 1811-1820... 

---