Green composite natural fibers

B. Alexander, M. Supriya, and L. Thomas, Plant Fibers as Reinforcement for Green Composites. Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites. CRC Press (2005). 

A. Bismark, S. Mishra, and T. Lampke. Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In A.K. Mahanty, M. Misra, and L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor Francis, CRC, Boca Raton, 2005, p. 65. 

The ultimate goal of research in green composites is to replace the existing synthetic glass fibers with natural fibers as reinforcements and also to replace petroleum-based polymers with renewable-resource-based bipolymers as matrices in designing and engineering of biocomposite materials [33]. 

Thakur, V. K., Thakur, M. K., Gupta, R. K (2014). Graft copolymers of natural fibers for green composites, Carbohvdr. Polvm.. 104,87-93. 

S. Kalia, B.S. Kaith, 1. Kaur, Cellulose Fibers Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites Green Chemistry and Technology, Polyolefin Based Natural Fiber Composite (Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, 2011)... 

Mohanty A, Misraa M, Hinrichsen G (2000) Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites an overview. Macromol Mater Eng 276/277(1) 1-24 Mohanty A, Misra M, Drzal L (2001) Surface modifications of natural fibers and praformance of the resulting biocomposites an overview. Compos Interf 8(5) 313-343 Mohanty M, Misra M, Drzal L (2002) Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. J Polym Environ 10(1/2) 19-26 Morrison W, Akin D (2001) Chemical composition of components comprising bast tissue in flax. J Agric Food Chem 49(5) 2333-2338... 

Bhaduii SK, Sen SK, Dasgupta PC (1983) Structural studies of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from the leaf fibre of pineapple (Ananas comosus MERR). Carbohydr Res 121 211-220 Bhattacharya TB, Biswas AK, Chatterjee J, Pramnick D (1986) Short pineapple leaf fibre reinforced rubber composites. Plast Rubb Process Appl 6 119-125 Bismarck A, Mishra S, Lampke T (2005) Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Taylor Francis, EL, Boca Raton... 

Presently there is a huge potential market for recyclable, energy efficient, and more environmentally friendly composite materials. The utilization of natural fiber can thus lead to the reduction of waste disposal problems and environmental pollution. These NFC find applications in various engineering, electronic and automotive fields once the issues such as moisture sensitivity, compatibility, dispersion are addressed in a proper way. Green, environmentally friendly, sustainable, renewable, biodegradable, composites from natural fibers are most desired materials for future. 

R. Prasanth, R. Shankar, A. Dilfi, V. Thakur, and J.-H. Ahn, Eco-friendly fiber-reinforced natural rubber green composites A perspective on the future, in Green Composites from Natural Resources, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2013). 

V.K. Thakur, A.S. Singha, and M.K. Thakur, Green Composites from Natural Fibers Mechanical and Chemical Aging Properties. Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 17, 401-407 (2012). 

S. Joseph, K. Joseph, and S. Thomas, Green composites from natural rubber and oil palm fiber Physical and mechanical properties. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 55, 925-945 (2006). 

M. J. John, K.T. Varughese, and S. Thomas, Green composites from natural fibers and natural rubber Effect of fiber ratio on mechanical and swelling characteristics. /. Nat. Fibers 5, 47-60 (2008). 

K. Goda, M.S. Sreekala, A. Gomes, T. Kaji, and J. Ohgi, Improvement of plant based natural fibers for toughening green composites—Effect of load application during mercerization of ramie fibers. Compos. A 37, 2213-2220 (2006). 

A. Hassan, A. A. Salema, EH. Ani, and A.A. Bakar, A review on oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. Polym. Compos. 31,2079-2101 (2010). R.R. Franck (Ed.), Bast and Other Plant Fibres, p. 397, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005. A.K. Bledzki, V.E. Sperber, and O. Faruk, Natural and wood fibre reinforcement in polymers, in Rapra Review Reports, Volume 13, pp. 1-144, iSmithers Rapra Publishing (2002). C. Baillie (Ed.), Green Composites Polymer Composites and the Environment, p. 308, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK (2004). 

A composite material is a two-phase or multiphase compact material with its components (phases) separated by interfaces which can be formed naturally or be manmade. One of the composite material phases is the matrix (phase I). It exists in the solid (crystalline or amorphous) state of aggregation. Within the matrix, particles are distributed discretely. This is phase II or disperse phase [23]. Biocomposites are composite materials made from natural fiber and petroleum-derived nonbiodegradable polymers like PP, PE, and epoxies or biopolymers like poly lactic acid (PLA), cellulose esters. Composite materials derived from biopolymer and synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon come under biocomposites. Biocomposites derived from plant-derived fiber (natural/biofi-ber) and crop/bioderived plastics (biopolymer/bioplastic) are likely more ecofriendly, and such biocomposites are sometimes termed green composites [24]. 

---