Greases and lubricants

Branched-chain acids have a wide variety of industrial uses as paint driers (7), vinyl stabilizers (8), and cosmetic products (9). Cobalt and manganese salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid and neodecanoic acid are used as driers for paint, varnishes, and enamels litbium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid are used in the formation of greases and lubricants (see Driers and metallic soaps). Derivatives of isostearic acid have been used as pour point depressants in two-cycle engine oils, as textile lubricants, and in cosmetic formulations. Further industrial appHcations can be found (10). 

Hexane is contained in a variety of products commonly used in household settings. Given its volatility, this creates possibilities for exposures from inhalation as well as by dermal contact and ingestion. In a study of over 1,000 common household products, -hexanc was detected in 101 products, about the same detection rate as for BTEX compounds (e g., benzene, toluene, xylene or ethylbenzene) and other normal alkanes. -Hexane was detected in more than 10% of the items sampled in the following product categories automotive products oils, greases and lubricants and adhesive-related products (Sack et al. 1992). 

In a survey of volatile organic chemicals in 1159 household items including household cleaners and polishes, paint-related products, fabric and leather treatments, cleaners for electronic equipment, oils, greases and lubricants, adhesive-related products, automotive products and miscellaneous products, ethylbenzene was identified in 157 of 658 (24%) of the products tested. The highest mean concentrations and percentage of products in each category in which ethylbenzene was found were as follows 7.2% w/w in 7.5% of automotive products, 2.4% w/w in 47.8% of paint-related... 

Frigid-Go . [Henkel/Emery] Moly low-temp. muldpuipose synthetic greases and lubricants. 

A broad area of application of plasticizing action of the medium is the use of surface active substances in the treatment of metals by pressure (dragging, rolling, impact extrusion). Plastification of surface layers of the treated metal due to the surface active components incorporated into greases and lubricants significantly reduces loads that one needs to apply in order to carry out these processes. It also improves the quality of the surface and decreases the level of internal stresses in the near-surface layers of a metal... 

MAJOR APPLICATIONS Comonomer for low-temperature silicone rubbers for example, poly(dimethyl-diethyl)siloxane. Low molecular weight PDES is used in Russia as basis for low- and high-temperature silicone oils, greases, and lubricants. ... 

Chem. Descrip. Calcium sulfonate/carbonate complex in oil Uses Corrosion inhibitor in automotive (body frame), marine, nuclear coatings, greases and lubricating coatings, preservative oils, coatings for elec, components and wire rope/cable, and storage coatings with reduced VOC... 

Properties Wh. powd. insol. or limited sol. in most org. soivs. m.p. 174 C Precaution Combustible Uses Alcoholysis catalyst for alkyds and polyesters specialty greases and lubricants drier in food-contact coatings Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.300 Manuf./Distrib. CasChem http //www. rutherfordchemicals. com Lithium silicate... 

The production of soap by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) is usually carried out around 100 °C, with glycerol being recovered as a second commercial product. Sodium and potassium salts are used as soaps (Section 5.9). Salts of other metals are used to promote polymerization of drying oils, in the manufacture of grease and lubricants, and as ingredients in plastics formulations. 

Petroleum is a thick, viscous hquid mixture of literally thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed from the decomposition of marine plants and animals. Petroleum and petroleum-derived products fuel automobiles, aircraft, and trains. They provide most of the greases and lubricants required for the machinery of our highly industrialized society. Furthermore, petroleum, along with natural gas, provides close to 90% of the organic raw materials used in the synthesis and manufacture of synthetic fibers, plastics, detergents, drugs, dyes, and a multitude of other products. 

Corrosion tests for hydraulic brake line fluid, as well as for motor oil, grease, and lubricants, are listed in Table 12. In addition, the effects of various fuels on materials have been of importance due to the effect of small amounts of water, which can become trapped in eureas such as the fuel tank [57]. Various additives to fuels can prevent corrosion effects and include inhibitor packages and small amounts of alcohol and aromatics. Recently, corrosion testing of ethanol fuels has been of interest because small amounts of water as well as other contaminants (chlorides) cause severe corrosion to occur [55]. Tests for fuels include electrochemical polarization and immersion tests (Table 12). 

B. Because of their spherical shape, Cgg molecules are used as nanoscale ball bearings in grease and lubricants. We can estimate the size of these ball bearings by examining C—C bond distances. Carbon-carbon bond distances... 

XPS is a very appropriate tool to study compatibility problems of explosives and propellants with respect to the materials with which they are in contact during formulation and storage. Surface reactions can be determined in very early stages. Degradation of the reactive components can easily be detected. XPS has been used to locate bond failure problems between different layers due to the extraneous presence of silicone grease and lubricants in rockets and missiles. 

Caines, A. J., R. F. Haycock, and J. E. Hillier. 2004. Automotive Lubricants Reference Book, 2nd ed. Warrendale, PA Society of Automotive Engineers. As the title suggests, this work covers content on lubrication that in any way impacts the automotive industry. That includes typical automotive oils, greases, and lubricating fluids, but also includes gas turbine oils, railroad oils, and industrial lubricants used in automotive plants. Contains 15 appendices on various topics, including an extensive glossary. 

Chem. Descrip. Monomeric fatty acid distillate from dimerization of tall oil fatty acid Uses Dispersant for drilling muds component of cutting oils, grinding compds., textile drawing lubricants, defoamers, plasticizers, thickeners in greases and lubricant oil formulations, oil field applies. 

Fluorinated surfactants are used as dispersants in lubricating greases (see Greases and Lubricants). 

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