Engine cycle

All properties required by diesel fuel are justified by the characteristics of the diesel engine cycle, in particular the following ... 

P. W. Haywood, Analysis of Engineering Cycles, 3rd ed., Pergamon Press, New York, 1980. 

It is not uncommon to utilize both the isentropic and isenthalpic expansions in a cycle. This is done to avoid the technical difficumes associated with the formation of liquid in the expander. The Claude or expansion engine cycle is an example of a combination of these meth-... 

Both gasoline and diesel engines are available in either a two-stroke- or a four-stroke-cycle design. The fundamental difference between the Otto engine cycle (named after Nikolaus Otto, who developed it in 1876) and the diesel engine cycle involves the conditions of the combustion. In the Otto cycle. 

This contrasts with the engine cycles studied for these, net area measured shaft work output, but for compressed-air systems, net area measures work lost. Remember, completely available energy, shaft work, runs compressed-air systems higher-temperature heat runs engine cycles. 

Thermodynamic cycles can be divided into two general eategories heat engine cycles, which are discussed in Chapters 2-5, and refrigeration and heat pump cycles, which are discussed in Chapter 6. 

Considering the concepts of reversible processes, a reversible cycle can be carried out for given thermal reservoirs at temperatures and Tl. The Carnot heat engine cycle on a p-V diagram and a T-S diagram, as shown in Fig. 1.4 is composed of the following four reversible processes ... 

Referring to Fig. 1.4, the system undergoes a Carnot heat engine cycle in the following manner ... 

Figure 1.4 Carnot heat engine cycle on p-v and T-s diagram.

The Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle. Reversing the cycle will also reverse the directions of heat and work interactions. The reversed Carnot heat engine cycles are Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycles. Therefore, a reversed Carnot vapor heat engine is either a Carnot vapor refrigerator or a Carnot vapor heat pump, depending on the function of the cycle. 

An ideal reciprocating Stirling refrigeration cycle is shown in Fig. 6.30. It is the reversible Stirling heat engine cycle, which is composed of two isothermal processes and two isochoric processes. Working fluid is... 

Figure 7.12 The protein engineering cycle. The lower circle represents the genetic engineering activities—the upper the structural determination, modelling and protein characterisation. (See Colour Plate X)...

Energy Addition to Expanding Gas Flows. In connection with the analyses of optimal rocket engine cycles, it is of interest to develop generalized solutions for the equations of motion with heat addition. An efficient technique is to write the fraction of reaction completed (c), at any station, as a function of the square of the local Mach number (M2), in the form... 

They focus on the ID simulation of an urea SCR system. The system includes a model for N02 production on a DOC, a model for urea injection, urea decomposition and hydrolysis catalyst, a model for a vanadium-type SCR catalyst and a model for NH3 decomposition on a clean-up catalyst. The catalyst models consist of a ID monolith model with global kinetic reactions on the washcoat surface, kinetic parameters have been taken from literature or adjusted to experimental data from literature. The complete model was implemented in AVL BOOST (2006). AVL BOOST is an engine cycle and gas exchange simulation software tool, which allows for the building of a model of the entire engine. 

Another engine cycle and gas exchange simulation software tool which has been extended for exhaust aftertreatment simulation is GT-POWER (2006). This software includes models for engine components as well as templates for DOC, SCR catalyst, NSRC and TWC. Reaction kinetics can be provided by the user, based on templates. Kinetic parameters adaptation is supported with a built-in optimizer tool. 

The rudimentary elements of a steam engine are shown schematically in Fig. 4.1. The engine consists of a cylinder and piston linked to a flywheel, with valves allowing steam input from the boiler (at temperature fh) and expulsion through the exhaust pipe to the surroundings (at temperature tc). Each engine cycle can be broken into four steps ... 

The characteristics desired of a rocket propellant axe several in number and can be divided into economic, safety, materials compatibility, engine-cycle needs and vehicle requirements. 

Otto cycle—four-stroke engine cycle. See internal combustion engine. 

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