Used lubricant industrial

Gums are used in industry because their aqueous solutions or dispersions possess suspending and stabilising properties. In addition, gums may produce gels or act as emulsifiers, adhesives, flocculants, binders, film formers, lubricants, or friction reducers, depending on the shape and chemical nature of the particular gum (2). Considerable research has been carried out to relate the stmeture and shape (conformation) of some gums to their solution properties (3,4). 

Lubricating oils are also used in industrial and process appHcations such as hydrauhc and turbine oils, machine oil and grease, marine and railroad diesel, and metalworking oils. Process oils are used in the manufacture of mbber, textiles, leather, and electrical goods. The distribution of lube oils used in these apphcations in 1992 is as follows automotive, 45711 industrial, 2229 t and process, 1070 t (- SIS, 000 gal) (11). 

The heaviest products obtained directly from oil arc lubricants, waxes, asphalt, and coke. These products have both domestic and industrial uses. Lubricants, for example, are applied in the operation and maintenance of industrial equipment and machinery. Asphalt, because it is not reactive to chemicals in the environment, is a superb material of construction in the building of roads and in roofing. It is also used in the waterproofing of concrete, the manufacture of black paints, and as a material lor tire threads, battery housing, electrical insulation, and other applications. The heaviest of all the petroleum products, coke, is used extensively as a major component of industrial electrodes and as a commercial fuel. 

Despite its demand for special lubrication, this gear type is in widespread use in industrial and automotive applications. It is used extensively in rear axles of automobiles having rear-wheel drives and is increasingly being used in industrial machinery. 

Solid acids can also be prepared from these materials by transformation of the sulphur group to the sulphonic acid, very closely related to sulphuric acid, one of the most commonly used acids industrially. The material can be easily recovered and easily handled since the acidity resides within pores, it cannot come into contact with living tissue. Important transformations, such as the formation of synthetic lubricants and intermediates for fragrances, have already been reported using these materials. The scope for such materials in future is enormous. 

In the case of chemical products with a medium level of specialisation for use in industries with a small stmcture and limited user know-how, e.g. in the case of cooling lubricants, metal cleaners and strippers, the (chemicals) business plays a key role for product marketing and also for informing and advising users. There is a high level of user retention to their particular supphers. In some cases such retention even exists between certain persons. The willingness for iimovation or inertia for innovation is determined quite extensively by the industry. 

Lubricants are characterized by several parameters. The most important one is the viscosity, sometimes also called dynamic viscosity. In lubrication industry, often the kinematic viscosity is used. The kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density of the liquid % = r lp. It is given in units of m2/s or centistoke (1 centistoke = 1 mm2/s = 0.001 m2/s = 10 2stoke). 

It is believed that the conflicting study results are due to differences in the lubricant used to retard surface oxidation during milling (Dinman 1987). Stearic acid is the most commonly used lubricant in the aluminum industry the stearic acid combines with the aluminum to form aluminum stearate. Exposure to the aluminum stearate does not appear to be fibrogenic to workers (Crombie et al. 1944 Meiklejohn and Posner 1957 Posner and Kennedy 1967). In contrast, the previous and now discontinued use of a nonpolar aliphatic oil lubricant, such as mineral oil, has been associated with fibrosis (Edling 1961 McLaughlin et al. 1962 Mitchell etal. 1961 Ueda etal. 1958). 

Humans have been exposed more and more to metallic contaminants in the environment, mostly from the products of industry. There are three main sources of metals in the environment. The most obvious are the processes of extraction and purification mining, smelting, and refining. Another is the release of metals from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil), when these are burned. Cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, vanadium, chromium, and copper are all present in these fuels, and considerable amounts enter the air or are deposited in ash. The third and most diverse source is the production and use of industrial products containing metals, which is increasing as new applications are found. The modem chemical industry, for example, uses many metals or metal compounds as catalysts metal compounds are used as stabilizers in the production of many plastics, and metals are added to lubricants, which then find their way into the environment.21... 

As discussed earlier, lubrication of direct compression formulations is one of the more complex and difficult problems faced by a pharmaceutical scientist. The ideal lubrication operation provides the mildest mixing conditions that guarantee sufficient homogeneity of the lubricant. Magnesium stearate, provided as a finely divided powder, is one of the most widely used lubricants in the pharmaceutical industry. Many formulations are sensitive to the lubrication process when the formulation uses magnesium stearate powder. 

In industry analysis for metals in lubricating oils, greases or fuels is important for checking characteristics on delivery or for testing the quality of used lubricants for the purpose of preventing maintenance. In the first case one talks of the determination of metal ions in oils among others, in the second of wear metals, such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb, Sn and Ti. Metals which may be present in lubricants or fuels, are Al, Ba, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Mo, Na, P, Pb, S, Si, V and Zn [74]. This analytical area is very important because considerable financial considerations are related to the use of the correct lubricants, to the possibility of harmful substances developing in fuel oils (S or V) and also to maintenance. 

The satnrated hydrocarbons are used in industry as fuels, lubricants, and solvents. After nndergoing processes of alkylation, isomerization, and dehydrogenation, they also act as starting materials for the synthesis of paints, protective coatings, plastics, synthetic rnbber, resins, pesticides, synthetic detergents, and a wide variety of petrochemicals. The fnels, lubricants, and solvents are mixtures that may contain many different hydrocarbons... 

While molybdenum disulphide lubrication is adversely affected by liquids, liquid lubrication can be improved by molybdenum disulphide. There is in fact a considerable industry based on the use of molybdenum disulphide in liquids, in dispersions, lubricating oils, greases, anti-seizes and pastes. There is an important contradiction in the fact that in many situations the lubricating action of molybdenum disulphide is either partly or completed destroyed by the presence of liquids, whereas in other situations it can provide useful lubrication benefits in a liquid medium. A great deal of effort has been applied in attempts to establish the mechanism and the conditions by which lubrication by molybdenum disulphide can occur in the presence of a liquid. 

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