Graduated

In gas analysis the burettes are generally vertical graduated tubes provided with a tap at the upper end. The lower end is connected by means of tubing to a reservoir containing mercury or water, by means of which the pressure on the gas enclosed between the tap and the liquid surface may be adjusted and ascertained. 

Nessler tubes Cylinders of thin glass, generally graduated, used for comparing turbidities and colours of solutions. 

The oil density at surface is readily measured by placing a sample in a cylindrical flask and using a graduated hydrometer. The API gravity of a crude sample will be affected by temperature because the thermal expansion of hydrocarbon liquids is significant, especially for more volatile oils. It is therefore important to record the temperature at... 

A diffuser G is illuminated with a He-Ne laser, trough a rectangular aperture A, which limits the illuminated area. A graduated screen is located at the observation plane 110(71, ), located at a distance D from the reference plane n(x,y), and perpendicularly arranged to the incident laser beam. The rotation axis y is also perpendicular to the beam. 

A fine text suitable for both graduate students and researchers. Emphasizes theory of long-range forces. 

Graduate-level introduction mainly to theoretical modelling of nonlinear reactions Scott S K 1993 Chemical Chaos (Oxford Oxford University Press)... 

Graduate-level text giving detailed summary of status of chaotic behaviour in chemical systems to 1990. 

The most oompiete textbook avaiiabie, suitabie for graduate students and researohers. 

Two standard text books which are reconnnended to researchers and graduate students who seek deeper insight into methodology and theory. 

Feidman L C and Mayer J W 1986 Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis (New York Eisevier) Generai coverage of anaiyticai techniques suitabie for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers. 

Johanssen S A E and Campbeii J L 1988 FIXE A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis (Chichester Wiiey) Covers PiXE in detaii and is a good reference for graduate students and researchers. 

The greatest quantitative errors in semi-micro work arise in connection with the measurement of liquids. For this reason the use of microburettes and graduated dropping-tubes is essential cf. pp. 59-60). 

Weigh out accurately about 2-5 g. of pure powdered succinic acid, transfer to a 100 ml. graduated flask, dissolve in distilled water, make the solution up to the graduation mark and mix well. Now, by means of a pipette, transfer 25 ml. of the solution to a 150 ml. conical flask, add a drop of phenolphthalein solution and titrate with A/ 2 NaOH or KOH solution to obtain consistent results. 

Note, (i) In view of the large volume of. "l/.NaOH solution required in the above titrations, the contents of the flask A after hydrolysis niay alternatively be washed carefully into a 100 ml. graduated flask, and the solution made up to the mark and well mixed. 25 ml. of the-solution are then withdrawn with a pipette, and titrated with the A/.NaOH solution. The 100 ml. flask is then washed out repeatedly with distilled water, and used similarly for the contents of the flask B. 

Solution A. Dissolve 17 320 g. of powdered crystalline copper sulphate, CuS04,5H20, in water and make the solution up to 250 ml. in a graduated flask. 

The main stem of the nitrometer widens into a bulb and then narrows to form a graduated tube. The usual graduation is of 8 ml. in o o2 ml. divisions. The graduations continue to the tap Tj at the top of the stem. Above Tj there is a small reservoir H to prevent splashing of the concentrated alkali when gas is expelled from the nitrometer and also to ensure that a small excess of potash is left as a liquid seal above the tap T ,. 

Titration. The solution of ammonia absorbed in saturated boric acid may now be titrated as an alkali directly with 0 025 A.HCl (best obtained by dilution of commercially available standard A.HCl in a graduated flask). Three drops of indicator (mixed methyl-red/methyl-ene-blue being most satisfactory) are added to the liquid in the receiver and the 0 025 A.HCl run in from an accurate burette. 

The treatment is at the upperclass undergraduate or beginning graduate level. Considerable introduetor y material and material on eornputational methods are given so as to make the book suitable for self-study by professionals outside the elassroom. An effort has been made to avoid logieal gaps so that the presentation ean be understood without the aid of an instruetor. Forty-six self-eontained eomputer projeets are included. 

The stem correction may be avoided by employing a thermometer with a short scale (sometimes termed an Anschutz thermometer) and of such size that the entire column of mercury is immersed in the vapour or in the liquid. In practice, it is generally more convenient to use thermometers which have been graduated for partial immersion for a short and con-... 

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