Glassware graduation marks

As with other graduated glassware, burettes are produced to both Class A and Class B specifications in accordance with the appropriate standard [BS 846 (1985) ISO 385 (1984)], and Class A burettes may be purchased with BST Certificates. All Class A and some Class B burettes have graduation marks which completely encircle the burette this is a very important feature for the avoidance of parallax errors in reading the burette. Typical values for the tolerances permitted for Class A burettes are ... 

Volumetric glassware is marked with one or more graduation marks to indicate liquid volumes. Calibration of glassware is usually at 20 °C but in the USA sometimes calibration is at 25 °C. 

Figure 4.3 Laboratory glassware with graduation marks for guidance only...

Figure 4.4 Laboratory glassware with graduation marks of the highest accuracy...

Whether the volume measurements are for preparing solutions to be used in such a procedure, for transferring an appropriate volume of solution or solvent for such an analysis, etc., they need not be accurate since the outcome will be either only qualitative or not necessarily accurate. Such volumes should, however, be measured with other marked glassware, such as graduated cylinders or marked beakers and flasks. 

Compare the markings on the graduated cylinder Q to the markings on the beaker Which piece of glassware will yield more precise measurements ... 

Buckets, tubs, funnels, and all sorts of containers of this whitish, opaque, pliable plastic can be found for pennies at any discount or grocery store. These containers are stackable, easy to clean, never break and will save a chemist a fortune in glassware. As was mentioned earlier, plastic ware is starting to make its mark in biological and chemical labs. Buchner funnels, side arm flasks, graduated cylinders and even separatory funnels come in PP and PE. These glassware substitutes are the absolute choice for today s chemists as they are unwatched, versatile and 1/10 the cost of glass. If the chemist is unsure what plastic a container is then she can look for the letters PP or PE somewhere on the product. 

Draw a picture showing the markings (graduations) on glassware that would allow you to make each of the following volume measurements of water and explain your answers (the numbers given are as precise as possible). 

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