Glutamate receptors subunits

Ferreira VM, Frausto S, Browning MD et al (2001) Ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit expression in the rat hippocampus lack of an effect of a long-term ethanol exposure paradigm. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 1536-1541... 

Six functional families of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit can be defined by structural homologies 273... 

Genetic regulation via splice variants and RNA editing further increases receptor heterogeneity the flip/flop versions and the Q/R site. Splice variants that impart functional differences and/or different cellular expression patterns have been found for most of the glutamate receptor subunits. The first splice variants to be described were the so-called flip and flop versions of the AMPA... 

Hume, R. I., Dingledine, R. and Heinemann, S. F. Identification of a site in glutamate receptor subunits that controls calcium permeability. Science 253 1028-1032, 1991. 

These X-ray structures provide a wealth of information about the interactions of agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators with the glutamate receptor subunit... 

Huntley, G. W., Rogers, S. W Moran, T Janssen, W., Archin, N., Vickers, J. C et al. (1993) Selective distribution of kainate receptor subunit immunoreactivity in monkey neocortex revealed by a monoclonal antibody that recognizes glutamate receptor subunits GluR5/6/7../. Neurosci. 13, 2965-2981. 

Sahara, Y., Noro, N., Iida, Y., Soma, K., and Nakamura, Y. (1997) Glutamate receptor subunits GluR5 and KA-2 are coexpressed in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. J. Neurosci. 17, 6611-6620. 

Figure 8 Ubiquitin and endocytosis. Receptors on the plasma membrane undergo monoubiquitination as a result of ligand (e.g., neurotransmitter). Ubiquitinated receptors bind to proteins called epsins, which in turn interact with adaptor proteins (adaptin) bound to clathrin-coated pits. Ubiquitination also functions to sort the internalized membrane protein into early endosomes, which directs them to degradation by lysosome through the multivesicular body. If ubiquitin from the endocytosed receptors is removed by an UBP, the receptor recycles back to the membrane. Proteasome inhibitors block endocytotic degradation of some proteins such as glutamate receptor subunits indicating a possible role for the proteasome.

Nishi, M, Heather, H., Lu, H.-P., Kawata, M., Hayashi, Y. Motoneuron-specific expression of NR2B, a novel NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit that works in a dominant-negative manner, J. Neurosci. 2001, 21, RC185 (1-6). 

Most cells of the immune system are ordinarily kept apart from those of the nervous system by means of the blood-brain barrier. However, allergic encephalomyelitis, in which T cells attack the myelin sheath of brain neurons, can easily be induced in mice.506 A similar autoimmune process is thought to be involved in human multiple sclerosis (see Chapter 30, pp. 1769, 1808, and Fig. 30-9).507,508 High levels of circulating IgM are found in some demyelinating diseases of peripheral neurons.508 In Rasmussen s encephalitis, which causes brain inflammation and epilepsy, serum antibodies attack a glutamate receptor subunit GluR3.509... 

Using hybridization in situ with oligonucleotide probes, expression patterns of the five known kainate-type glutamate receptor subunit genes, KA1, KA2 and GluR5 to 7, have been discovered in brain tissue of adult and developing rat brain (Michaelis, 1998 Lerma et al., 2001). In situ hybridization studies also indicate that neurons showing the KA1 response are almost exclusively restricted to the CA3... 

Structure and Distribution of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subunits in Brain... 

Ibrahim H. M., Healy D. J., Hogg A. J., Jr., and Meador-Woodruff J. H. (2000). Nucleus-specific expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs and binding sites in primate thalamus. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 79 1-17. 

Seidenman K. J., Steinberg J. P., Huganir R., and Malinow R. (2003). Glutamate receptor subunit 2 Serine 880 phosphorylation modulates synaptic transmission and mediates plasticity in CA1 pyramidal cells. J. Neurosci. 23 9220-9228. 

Kerner JA, Standaert DG, Penney JB, Jr., Young AB, Landwehrmeyer GB (1997) Expression of group one metabotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified neurons in the rat neostriatum, neocortex, and hippocampus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 48 259-269. 

Bernard V, Somogyi P, Bolam JP. Cellular, subcellular, and subsynaptic distribution of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in the neostriatum of the rat. J Neurosci 1997 17 819-833. 

Eastwood SL, Burnet PW, Harrison PJ. 1997. GluR2 glutamate receptor subunit flip and flop isoforms are decreased in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 44 92-98. 

Suzuki T, Ito J, Takagi H, Saitoh F, Nawa H, et al. 2001. Biochemical evidence for localization of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in the dendritic raft. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 89 20-28. 

The G-terminal portion of glutamate receptor subunits is the most diverse region of the protein, ranging from short sequences of less than 50 amino acids to the large signaling complexes of NMDA R2 subunits. In contrast to the S1S2 domain, the structures of the G-terminal domains are less well understood. The relatively short G-terminal domains of AMPA and kainate receptors do not adopt a stable structure when expressed as... 

Betder, B., Boulter, J., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., O Shea-Greenfield, A., Deneris, E. S., Moll, G., Borgmeyer, U., Hollman, M., and Heinemann, S. (1990). Cloning of a novel glutamate receptor subunit, GluR5 Expression in the nervous system during development. Neuron 5, 583-595. 

Nakazawa, K., Mikawa, S., Hashikawa, T., and Ito, M. (1995). Transient and persistent phosphorylation of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in cerebellar Purkinje... 

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