Glucose manufacture from starch

Ordinary glucose is ct-glucopyranose monohydrate m.p. 80-85°C and [ajp 4-113-4 . In solution it gives a mixture with the form with [alo 4-52-5 . It is manufactured from starch by hydrolysis with mineral acids, purification and crystallization, and is widely used in the confectionery and other food industries. It is about 70% as sweet as sucrose. 

Glucose syrups. Glucose syrups are a group of industrial syrups manufactured from starch - usually corn starch (maize). The starch may be hydrolysed by either acid or enzymic hydrolysis or, more usually, a combination... 

Despite the efficiency of the manufacture of ethanol from petrochemical feedstocks, much of the world s production is based on a fermentation process. Over the past 75 years in the United States, where the total annual production now stands at just under 4 million tonnes, the source of this basic chemical feedstock has swung away from fermentation to petrochemistry and back again (Table 6.1). The carbon source for the fermentation is glucose derived from starch (see Section 6.6). An even larger quantity, about 9.5 million tonnes, is produced each year in Brazil from cane sugar. Nowadays the prime consumer is the motor car. 

A product manufactured in Japan as Alo mixture (Anomalously Linked Oligosaccharides) contains mainly a range of IMOS (glucose, isomaltose, and panose as principal constituents). It is produced from starch as substrate by the action of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and a transglucosidase. It is claimed to have favorable properties for application in the food industry.143... 

AGs and APGs are produced completely with renewable feedstocks such as glucose and fatty alcohols derived from starch and palm kernel oil [34]. AGs, which are mainly the two homologues C12- and C14-1V-methyl glucamide, are manufactured by reductive amination of glucose followed by acylation with fatty acid derivatives [35],... 

Alkyl polyglycosides have long been known but only now, following several years research, has it been possible to develop reaction conditions that allow manufacture on a commercial scale. The structure on which these compounds are based corresponds exactly to the surfactant model described above. The hydro-phobic (or lipophilic) hydrocarbon chain is formed by a fatty alcohol (dodecanol/ tetradecanol) obtained from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. The hydrophilic part of the molecule is based on glucose (dextrose) obtained from starch (Fig. 4.14). 

Com syrups are affirmed as GRAS in 21 CFR, Section 184.1865 and meet the further standards of identity in Sections 168.120 and 168.121. In 1999, more than 7 billion pounds (3 X 109 kg) of syrups were produced from starch in the US.16 Figure 21.3 outlines a conventional glucose/corn syrup manufacturing process.17... 

Oxidized starch loses its ability to gel, thereby making low Tfi dispersions. Glucose dialdehyde is a glucose oxidation compound used to crosslink agarose (linear) and dextran (branched) for their performance as adsorbents. Oxidized celluloses are a substitute for glues manufactured from animal by-products. 

As crystalline D-glucose products are now manufactured almost exclusively from starch hydrolyzates made by enzymically catalyzed hydrolysis instead of by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, discussion of crystalline D-glucose technology is presented under the part of this Chapter dealing with enzyme-based technologies. 

D-Glucose can also be obtained by enzymic conversion of starch or cellulose. Two separate enzymic processes, liquefaction and saccharification, are generally used in the production of D-glucose from starch. The liquefaction process solubilizes the molecules in the starch granules and decreases the viscosity of the starch. In the saccharification step, the liquefied starch is further hydrolyzed to D-glucose by the action of glucoamylase. The majority of starches used for the manufacture of D-glucose contain up to 80% amylopectin 99... 

Glucose and Com Sugar. The two most important products manufactured from com starch are glucose and com sugar. When a starch solution containing a mineral acid as hydrochloric acid is heated, the hydrolysis of the starch takes place. Brown and Morris represent this fact by the following group of reactions ... 

Starch is a renewable carbon source abundantly available from plant sources. However, it is usually hydrolysed to glucose via a two-step process, liquefaction and saccharification, before adding it into the polymer prodnction medium [26]. Kim [27] reported P(3HB) production from starch using Azotobacter chroococcum via a fed-batch fermentation. A PHA content of 46 and 20 wt% with a CDW of 54 g/1 and 71 g/1 were obtained with and without oxygen limitation, respectively. A halophilic bacterinm, Haloferax mediterrane was also reported to be able to produce P(3HB) from starch, but the strain was not favourable due to the salt required for its growth which contributed significantly to the PHA manufacturing cost. 

The commercial manufacture and modification of oligosaccharides are important features of several industries. The processes are usually hydrolytic but in a few instances enzymes catalyse a transglycosylation onto another carbohydrate rather than onto water, thus creating a new polymer. /S-Cyclodextrin (48), which is a macrocyclic structure comprising seven molecules of glucose all linked l-4o, is synthesized from starch with an enzyme from Bacillus species (Scheme 6.27). This cyclic carbohydrate acts... 

In the manufacture of starch and glucose from maize, a number of by-products are obtained that are suitable for feeding farm animals (Fig. 22.5). 

Preparation (78). n-Glucose (usually called dextrose commercially because of its dextrorotation) is manufactured on a large scale from starch. Potato starch (Europe) and corn starch (America) are utilized. 

Molasses is the thick brownish syrup by-product of the manufacture of cane or beet sugar from which part of the crystallizable sugar has been removed. However, molasses is also the by-product of several other industries. Citrus molasses is produced from the juice of citrus wastes. Wood molasses is a by-product of the manufacture of paper, fiber-board, and pure cellulose from wood it is an extract from the more soluble carbohydrates and minerals of the wood material. Starch molasses, Hydrol, is a by-product of the manufacture of dextrose (glucose) from starch derived from corn or grain sorghums in which the starch is hydrolyzed by use of enzymes and/or acid. Cane molasses and beet molasses are, by far, the most extensively used types of molasses. The different types of molasses are available in both liquid and dehydrated forms. 

Approximately 98% of US bioethanol is based on com (Zea Mays), a raw starchy material produced in high quantities in that country (14,216 MkT in 2014). Total domestic use of corn in US was 11,883 MkT in the same year. From that amount, 5208 MkT of com were used for ethanol production, 5315 MkT for feed and residual use purposes, while the rest was transformed into high-fructose com symp, sugars (glucose and dextrose), starch, alcohol for beverages and manufacturing, seeds, cereals, and other products (Service, 2015). 

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