History and State of the Art

The project will be carried out in phases including the Fundamentals, Systems and Equipment, and Applications. The main target of the DGB project is to write an internationally accepted handbook, a much needed scientific reference, covering the whole field of industrial air technology with validated and updated knowledge, and through it to raise the level of industrial air technology worldwide. 

The Fundamentals book describes the basic theories and science behind the technical solutions for industrial air technology. Equipment-specific theories will be completed in the Systems and Equipment book. The Applications book will describe technical solutions for specific industrial sectors and technology areas, including design and construction methodology. 

This volume, Fundamentals, is structured in 16 chapters, as follows  

The introductory chapter to the Design Guidebook describes why more attention should be paid to industrial air technology, the definition and purpose of industrial air technology, and the basic system principles. 

This chapter describes the set approach dealing with units, symbols, and definitions, which are essential for providing texts that do not cause confusion by having various chapters that use different symbols relating to the same unit. This chapter provides the common language that is used throughout the book. 

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In this paper we have provided a brief overview of the history and state-of-the-art of marine N-cycIe modeling. Our emphasis has been on prognostic open-ocean models and coupled physical-biological model systems. There has been significant... 

The focus of this review has been on the history and state-of-the-art of N-cycle models. One can legitimately ask how relevant these models are given recent advances in our understanding of the factors that control primary production and particulate matter export in the ocean. Fifteen to twenty years ago, when the Fasham et al. (1990) model was stiU under development, the potential importance of iron limitation was only beginning to be appreciated. The emphasis at that time was on N limitation, the intricacies of the food web and the potential importance of bacteria and the microbial loop. We now know that iron limits phytoplankton growth over... 

Euler J, Fleischer A. Primary and Secondary Cells - History and State-of-the-Art-Summary. 29th Meeting of AGARD, Propulsion and Energy Panel. Liege, Belgium, June 1967. 

Schools AJG (1993) Structural optimization history and state-of-the-art, topics in applied mechanics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 339-345... 

A brief history and state-of-the-art ion enamel and dentin bonding was published in 1995 (178). Recent advancements in ssmthetic chemistry and polymer science of dental sealants are now briefly reviewed or discussed, iucludiug those designed for various clinical uses, directed toward prolongiug the lifetime service of natural teeth. 

Ravaglioli, A. and Krajewski, A. (1992) Bioceramics Materials, Properties, and Application, Chapman Hall, London. Covers the history of bioceramics, scientific background to the field, and state of the art as of 1991. 

It is not the aim of this section to present any details of the history or state-of-the-art procedures for HPTLC. HPTLC is a relatively young thin-layer technique (established about 1974), which is still undergoing improvements and gains in popularity. According to Kaiser (42), HPTLC involves the combined action of several variables, including ... 

Research on vitamin A and retinoids has a very long history, yet major advances are continuously in progress in this field. As we approach the new century, these molecules still are at the center of many different interests, from basic chemical, biochemical and cell biology research, to nutritional aspects and clinical applications. This book presents current knowledge and state-of-the-art information on research in many areas of this huge field of studies. Prominent scientists contributed chapters on the role of vitamin A in nutrition and the metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid, retinoic acid receptors and the interplay with vitamin D, the cell biology of retinoids and their role in the immune system. New synthetic molecules and their use in pharmacology and therapeutics are treated, and the importance of retinoids in the chnical practice of neoplastic and skin diseases is also covered. 

The current-voltage and luminance-voltage characteristics of a state of the art polymer LED [3] are shown in Figure 11-2. The luminance of this device is roughly 650 cd/m2 at 4 V and the luminous efficiency can reach 2 lm/W. This luminance is more than adequate for display purposes. For comparison, the luminance of the white display on a color cathode ray tube is about 500 cd/m2l5J. The luminous efficiency, 2 lm/W, is comparable to other emissive electronic display technologies [5], The device structure of this state of the art LED is similar to the first device although a modified polymer and different metallic contacts are used to improve the efficiency and stability of the diode. Reference [2] provides a review of the history of the development of polymer LEDs. 

G. R. Prescott, History and Basis of Prediction of Hydrogen Attack of C-0.5Mo Steel, a state-of-the-art review presented at Second International Conference on Interaction of Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel and Pipeline Service, The Materials Properties Council, Inc., Vienna, Austria, October 19-21,1994. 

The book consists of 14 chapters, in which we attempt to summarize the current state of the art in the field. We also offer a look into the future by including descriptions of several methods that hold great promise, but are not yet widely employed. The first six chapters form the core of the book. In Chap. 1, we define the context of the book by recounting briefly the history of free energy calculations and presenting the necessary statistical mechanics background material utilized in the subsequent chapters. 

A basic scientific investigation of fire retardancy, however, remained to be initiated by Gay-Lussac in France at the request of King Louis XVIII in 1821 who was again interested in reducing the flammability of theater curtains. This researcher noted that the ammonium salts of sulfuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids were very effective fire retardants on hemp and linen and that the effect could be improved considerably by using mixtures of ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate and borax. This work has withstood the test of time and remains valid to this day. Thus the basic elements of modern fire retardant chemistry had been defined early in recorded history and remained the state of the art until early in the twentieth century. The most effective treatments for cellulosic materials being concentrated in Groups III, V and VII elements. 

The history of cosmetology, past experience with the safety of cosmetic products, and in particular statistics published by poisoning advisory centers show that the cosmetic industry in general has met these criteria [55], This is achieved by continuously evolving safety assessment strategies which take into account the actual state of the art in safety and toxicity testing. 

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