Ginkgo biloba effects

Gnkgo (maiden hair tree, kew tree) Ginkgo biloba Raynauds disease, cerebral insufficiency anxiety, stress, tinnitus, dementias, circulatory problems, asthma Rare if used as directed possible effects include headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, Gl effects, rash, allergic dermatitis Do not take with antidepressant drugs, such as the MAOIs, or the antiplatelet drugs such as coumarin, unless advised to do so by the primary care provider. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes KA (2000). The dose dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 151, 416 123. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh R, Moore B and Ashton H (2003a). Electroencephalograph (EEG) effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 701-709. 

Kristoikova Z and Klaschka J (1997). In vitro effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the activity of presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals in rat hippocampus. Dementia <6 Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 8, 43-48. 

Rigney U, Kimber S and Hindmarch I (1999). The effects of acute doses of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract on memory and psychomotor performance in volunteers. Phytotherapy Research, 13, 408 415. 

Scholey AB and Kennedy DO (2002). Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax Ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers Differential interactions with cognitive demand. Human Psychopharmacology - Clinical and Experimental, 17, 35-44. 

Warot D, Lacomblez L, Danjou P, Weiller E, Payan C and Puech AJ (1991). Comparative effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on psychomotor performances and memory in healthy subjects. Therapie, 46, 33-36. 

A metaanalysis indicated that EGb 761 (an extract of ginkgo biloba) may have some therapeutic effect at doses of 120 to 240 mg of the standard leaf extract twice daily. Because of limited efficacy data, the potential for adverse effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, and hemorrhage), and the poor standardization of herbal products, it is recommended that ginkgo biloba be used only with caution. 

Another HPTLC method has been developed for the separation of kaempferol and quercetin in the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves showing beneficial effect in brain diseases. Leaves were refluxed with methanol for 30 min then filtered. The filtrate was refluxed with 25 per cent HC1 for 60 min then neutralized with ammonia and the clear supernatant was applied for HPTLC. Silica plates were predeveloped in chloroform-methanol (1 1, v/v). Separation was performed with toluene-acetone-methanol-formic acid (46 8 5 1, v/v) as the mobile phase using incremental multiple development. A densitogram illustrating the good separation charactersitics of the system is shown in Fig. 2.42. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was low (1.37 and 1.40 for kaempferol and quercetin,... 

Two studies have been done to date that address ginger s anxiolytic effects in an animal model (Hassenohrl et al. 1996, 1998). Unfortunately, both of these employ a combined treatment of ginger and Ginkgo biloba so they do not allow for differentiation of effects. The combination had diazepamlike effects in an animal model of anxiety (elevated-plus maze) (Hassenohrl et al. 1996). These effects were dose dependent and tripha-... 

Bolanos-Jimenez F, Manhaes de Castro R, Sarhan H, prudhomme N, Drieu K, Fillion G. (1995). Stress-induced 5-HTlA receptor desensitization protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 9(2) 169-74. 

Brailowsky S, Montiel T. (1997). Motor function in young and aged hemiplegic rats effects of a Ginkgo biloba extract. Neurobiol Aging. 18(2) 219-27. 

Brunello N, Racagni G, Clostre F, Drieu K, Braquet P. (1985). Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on noradrenergic systems of rat cerebral cortex. Pharmacol Res Common. 17(11) 1063-72. 

Cohen-Salmon C, Venault P, Martin B, Raffalli-Sebille MJ, Barkats M, Clostre F, Pardon MC, Christen Y, Chapouthier G. (1997). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on learning and possible actions on aging. J Physioi Paris. Dec. 91(6) 291-300. 

Didier A, Droy-Lefaix MT, Aurousseau C, Cazals Y. (1996). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on cochlear vasculature in the guinea pig morphometric measurements and laser Doppler flowmetry. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 253(1-2) 25-30. 

Droy-Lefaix MT, Cluzel J, Menerath JM, Bonhomme B, Doly M. (1995). Antioxidant effect of a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the retina. Int J Tissue React. 17(3) 93-100. 

Duche JC, Barre J, Guinot P, Duchier J, Cournot A, Tillement JP. (1989). Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on microsomal enzyme induction. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 9(3) 165-68. 

Duverger D, DeFeudis FV, Drieu K. (1995). Effects of repeated treatments with an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on cerebral glucose utilization in the rat an autoradiographic study. Gen Pharmacol. 26(6) 1375-83. 

Fourtillan JB, Brisson AM, Girault J, Ingrand I, Decourt JP, Drieu K, Jouenne P, Biber A. (1995). [Pharmacokinetic properties of bilobalide and ginkgolides A and B in healthy subjects after intravenous and oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)]. Therapie. 50(2) 137-44. Frewer U. (1990). The effect of betel nut on human performance. PNG MedJ. 33(2) 143-5. 

Itil TM, Eralp E, Ahmed I, Kunitz A, Itil KZ. (1998). The pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba, a plant extract, on the brain of dementia patients in comparison with tacrine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 34(3) 391-97. 

Jung F, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, Wenzel E. (1990). Effect of Ginkgo biloba on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung. 40(5) 589-93. 

Kobuchi H, Droy-Lefaix MT, Christen Y, Packer L. (1997). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Biochem Pharmacol. 53(6) 897-903. 

Lamour Y, Holloway HW, Rapoport SI, Soncrant TT. (1992). Ginkgo biloba extract decreases local glucose utilization in the adult rat brain. In Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (Egb 761) in the Central Nervous System. Christen J, Costentin C, Lacour M, eds. Paris Elsevier, pp 1 25. 

Macovschi 0, Prigent AF, Nemoz G, Pacheco FI. (1987). Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba on the 3, 5 -cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of the brain of normal and triethyltin-intoxicated rats. J Neurochem. 49(1) 107-14. 

Marcilhac A, Dakine N, Bourhim N, Guillaume V, Grino M, Drieu K, Oliver C. (1998). Effect of chronic administration of Ginkgo biloba extract or ginkgolide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Life Sci. 62(25) 2329-40. 

Ni Y, Zhao B, Hou J, Xin W. (1996). Preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on apoptosis in rat cerebellar neuronal cells induced by hydroxyl radicals. Neurosci Lett. 214(2-3) 115-18. 

Raymond J. (1986). [Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the morphological preservation of vestibular sensory epithelia in mice]. Presse Med. 15(31) 1484-87. 

Rodriguez de Turco EB, Droy-Lefaix MT, Bazan NG. (1993). Decreased electroconvulsive shock-induced diacylglycerols and free fatty acid accumulation in the rat brain by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) selective effect in hippocampus as compared with cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 61(4) 1438-44. 

Seif-EI-Nasr M, El-Fattah AA. (1995). Lipid peroxide, phospholipids, glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity in rat brain after ischaemia effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Pharmacol Res. 32(5) 273-78. 

Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Saletu B, Binder GA, Decker KA. (1995). Cognitive psychophysiology in nootropic drug research effects of Ginkgo biloba on event-related potentials (P300) in age-associated memory impairment. Pharmacopsychiatry. 28(4) 134-42. 

Winther K, Randlov C, Rein E, Mehlsen J. (1998). Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive function and blood pressure in elderly subjects. Curr Therapeutic Res. 59(12) 881-88. 

Zhu L, Wu J, Liao FI, Gao J, Zhao XN, Zhang ZX. (1997). Antagonistic effects of extract from leaves of Ginkgo biloba on glutamate neurotoxicity. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao. 18(4) 344-47. 

Hasenohrl RU, Nichau CH, Frisch CH, De Souza Silva MA, Huston JP, Mattern CM, Hacker R. (1996). Anxiolytic-like effect of combined extracts of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 53(2) 271-5. 

Hasenohrl RU, Topic B, Frisch C, Hacker R, Mattern CM, Huston JP. (1998). Dissociation between anxiolytic and hypomnestic effects for combined extracts of zingiber officinale and ginkgo biloba, as opposed to diazepam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 59(2) 527-35. 

Huguet F, Tarrade T. (1992). Alpha 2-adrenoceptor changes during cerebral ageing. The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. J Pharm Pharmacol. 44(1) 24-27. 

Porsolt RD, Martin P, Lenegre A, Fromage S, Drieu K. (1990). Effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761) on "learned helplessness" and other models of stress in rodents. Pharmacol Blochem Behav. 36(4) 963-71. 

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