Ginkgo biloba

Traditional Chinese physicians used ginkgo leaves to treat asthma and chilblains. Today, G. biloba is used to improve both blood flow to the brain and peripheral circulation (see Chapter 36). 

Many over-the-counter diet pills contain low doses of amphetamines. 

Antihistamines are common ingredients over-the-counter cold remedies. 

Birth control pill that contains synthetic forms of both female sex hormones progesterone and estrogen. 

One of the female sex hormones Involved In the regulation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle. 

HPLC OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN HERBAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS 

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Gnkgo (maiden hair tree, kew tree) Ginkgo biloba Raynauds disease, cerebral insufficiency anxiety, stress, tinnitus, dementias, circulatory problems, asthma Rare if used as directed possible effects include headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, Gl effects, rash, allergic dermatitis Do not take with antidepressant drugs, such as the MAOIs, or the antiplatelet drugs such as coumarin, unless advised to do so by the primary care provider. 

Herbals Hypericum perforatum, L-carnitine/coenzyme QIO, Ginkgo biloba Study findings have been negative. 

Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med 336 1108, 1997. 

Rowin J, Lewis S. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic ginkgo biloba ingestion. Neurology 46 1775-1776, 1996. 

The Ginkgo biloba tree is one of the oldest surviving tree species on earth (Major, 1967) and has probably existed in its current form for up to 200 million years, leading to its... 

Birks J, Grimley Evans J and Van Dongen M (2003). Ginkgo Biloba for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (The Cochrane Library No. 1). Update Software, Oxford, UK. 

Hindmarch I (1986). Activity of Ginkgo biloba extract on short-term memory. Presse Medicale, 15, 1592-1594. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB and Wesnes KA (2000). The dose dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 151, 416 123. 

Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh R, Moore B and Ashton H (2003a). Electroencephalograph (EEG) effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 75, 701-709. 

Kristoikova Z and Klaschka J (1997). In vitro effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the activity of presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals in rat hippocampus. Dementia <6 Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 8, 43-48. 

Mix JA and Crews WD (2000). An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 6, 219-229. 

Mix JA and Crews WD (2002). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults Neuropsychological findings. Human Psychopharmacology - Clinical and Experimental, 17, 267-277. 

Rigney U, Kimber S and Hindmarch I (1999). The effects of acute doses of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract on memory and psychomotor performance in volunteers. Phytotherapy Research, 13, 408 415. 

Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D and Mendelow AD (2000). Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. 

Warot D, Lacomblez L, Danjou P, Weiller E, Payan C and Puech AJ (1991). Comparative effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on psychomotor performances and memory in healthy subjects. Therapie, 46, 33-36. 

M. J. Dubber, V. Sewram, N. Mshicileli, G.S. Shephard and I. Kanfer, The simultaneous determination of selected flavonol glycosides and aglycones in Ginkgo biloba oral dosage forms by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 37, 723 731 (2005). 

A metaanalysis indicated that EGb 761 (an extract of ginkgo biloba) may have some therapeutic effect at doses of 120 to 240 mg of the standard leaf extract twice daily. Because of limited efficacy data, the potential for adverse effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, and hemorrhage), and the poor standardization of herbal products, it is recommended that ginkgo biloba be used only with caution. 

Ginkgo biloba should not be used in individuals taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs, and should be use cautiously in those taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. 

Selective Elution of Flavonoids from Terpenoids in Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extracts... 

These compounds were first isolated in 1932 by Furukawa [176] from the bitter principles of Ginkgo biloba, but their structures have been resolved only recently. In 1967, Nakanishi s group reported their structures and called them Ginkgolides A, B, C and M (25a,b,c,e) [177-181], These are termed BN 52020, BN 52021, BN 52022 and BN 52023, respectively, in IHB nomenclature. A new ginkgolide, J (BN 52024 25d) has been recently identified [182]. All these compounds differ only by the number and the position of hydroxy groups, which may be present on C1 C3 or C7 of the spirononane framework. 

While Ginkgo biloba achieves total biosynthesis of ginkgolides with great ease, it is only recently that chemical synthesis of these compounds has been accomplished. Initially, only the synthesis of hexahydro-5/f-dicyclopen-ta[6,clfuran-5a(6//)-ol, which represents the main framework of ginkgolides (rings A,B,D), was achieved [185]. Recently, however, using a sophisticated... 

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