Generalization, multicenter studies

Because of reports of severe hyperthyroidism after the introduction of iodized salt in two severely iodine-deficient African counties (Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), a multicenter study has been conducted in seven countries in the region to evaluate whether the occurrence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism after the introduction of iodized salt was a generalized phenomenon or corresponded to specific local circumstances in the two affected countries (46). Iodine deficiency had been successfully eliminated in all of the areas investigated and the prevalence of goiter had fallen markedly. However, it was clear that some areas were now exposed to iodine excess as a result of poor monitoring of the quality of iodized salt and of the iodine intake of the population. In these areas, iodine-induced hyperthyroidism occurred only when iodized salt had been recently introduced. 

Dietary supplementation studies with n-3 fatty acids alone have generally not been promising in atopic dermatitis. An initial double-blind study reported a subjective improvement on fish oil compared with the control OA, but no objective improvement on physician assessment.179 A further double-blind study using EPA with saturated fatty acids as the control, showed equal improvement with both supplements and the benefit was attributed to increased clinician guidance,180 while a multicenter study showed a similar improvement in clinical score in subjects taking fish oil or corn oil.181 The latter results might possibly reflect a beneficial effect of both EFA-containing oils, but more likely imply a placebo effect, and illustrate the problems posed both in selection of a suitable control and the interpretation of such studies. 

Blood concentrations were measured in two trials in general practice (3). On both regimens (single and divided doses), a steady state was reached after 1 week, but there was considerable individual variability (up to ten-fold) in plasma concentrations. In a multicenter study of over 2000 records from more than 500 general practitioners (4) the onset of action usually occurred within the first week of treatment and the effect was complete after 3M weeks roughly half of the total improvement occurred by the end of the first week. 

Comparisons of sensitization rates to various basidiomycetes, and between basidiomycetes and other groups of fungi have been made in the frame of skin test surveys [20-22]. In a multicenter study in Europe and the USA, it was shown that sensitization to basidiomycetes was as prevalent as sensitization to other well-established allergenic molds, such as Altemaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Fusarium [21]. Generally, 25-30% of subjects with respiratory... 

In an 8-week trial in 2693 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, 30% reported adverse effects and 11% failed to complete the study. However, two large short-term multicenter studies in general practices in 11 000 patients in Italy reported a very low percentage (1.2-9.8%) of adverse effects (1,2). 

Pace NL. Adverse outcomes and the multicenter study of general anesthesia 11. Anesthesiology 1992 77(2) 394-6. 

In 1973, in a multicenter study of 1200 individuals carried out by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, there was a 3% incidence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions to parabens. General allergic reactions have also been reported after the injection of parabens-containing formulations of lidocaine and hydrocortisone and after oral use of barium sulfate contrast suspension, haloperidol syrup, and an antitussive sjrup, aU of which contained parabens (SEDA-11, 484). 

The safety of omalizumab so far has been evaluated in only three large, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. Omalizumab generally was well tolerated in several large, placebo-controlled, trials. The most frequent adverse effect was injection-site reactions (e.g., redness, stinging, bruising, and induration), but these reactions also were seen at comparable frequencies with placebo. Low titers of antibodies against omalizumab developed in 1 of 1723 treated patients, whereas anaphylaxis was seen in... 

In general, there is a lack of systematic information on the best number of sutures and whether these should be placed vertically or circumferentially. A U.S. multicenter study that involved 64 patients followed for 6 months without a placebo group reported an improvement in symptoms and a modest decrease in the rate of reflux episodes and esophageal acid exposure, regardless of whether patients had a linear or circumferential plication. 

In general, checklists systematically organize your work to obtain a condition of efficiency, to identify team members roles and accountability. As a consequence of checklists, error rates will decrease and patient safety will be maximally ensured. In the broadest sense, checklists are used to describe the entire surgical procedure [18] or more specifically, critical segments of the OR procedures. In an international multicenter study of3,733 controls and 3,855 patients subjected to a simple checklist in 8 hospitals, mortality dropped from 1.5 to 0.8% (p = 0.003) and in-hospital complication rate fell from 11 to 7% (p = 0.001) [19]. 

Tapia, O., Colonna, F. and Angyan, J. G. Generalized self-consistent reaction field theory in multicenter-multipole ab initio LCGO framework. I. Electronic properties of the water molecule in a Monte Carlo sample of liquid water molecules studied with standard basis sets, J.ChimPhys., (1990), 875-903... 

In a multicenter, double-blind trial, abecarnil (mean daily dose 12 mg), diazepam (mean daily dose 22 mg), or placebo were given in divided doses for 6 weeks to 310 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (1). Those who had improved at 6 weeks could volunteer to continue double-blind treatment for a total of 24 weeks. Slightly more patients who took diazepam (77%) and placebo (75%) completed the 6-week study than those who took abecarnil (66%). The major adverse events during abecarnil therapy were similar to those of diazepam, namely drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, and difficulty in... 

Barnes DE, Alexopoulos GS, Lopez OL et al. (2006). Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 63 273-279 Bastos-Leite AJ, van der Flier WM, van Straaten EC et al. (2007). The contribution of medial temporal lobe atrophy and vascular pathology to cognitive impairment in vascular dementia. Stroke 38 3182-3185 Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS et al. (2003). Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke 34 2323-2330... 

O. Tapia, F. Colonna, and J. G. Angyan, ]. Chim. Phys., 87, 875 (1990). Generalized Self-Consistent Reaction Field Theory in a Multicenter-Multipole Ab Initio LCGO Framework. I. Electronic Properties of the Water Molecule in a Monte Carlo Sample of Liquid Water Molecules Studied with Standard Basis Sets. 

Caen JP A randomized double-blind study between a low molecular weight heparin Kabi 2165 and standard heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in general surgery. A French multicenter trial. IhrombHaemost (19SS) 59(2) 216-220. 

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