Investigation Area

FIGURE 17.2 Distribution map of the modeled mean bottom water salinity (period 1980-2000) in the southern Baltic Sea derived by kinging of 1652 single data points (Dippner et al., 2005). The difference between highest and lowest measured values was 26.3 psu. 

---

Apart from the sampling principle, sensor layouts can also be subdivided into point-probe sensors, giving averaged information about the analytes within the sensitive field, and imaging sensors, delivering a spatially as well as spectrally resolved image of the investigated area. 

One of the most rewarding and intensively investigated areas of research in heterocyclic chemistry has been the study of the photorearrangement of nitrones and heteroaromatic N-oxides. The subject was thoroughly reviewed in 1970.45 A more recent review concerned with the photochemistry of aromatic N-oxides has been published.46... 

The actively investigated areas and the locations where winged bean studies have been conducted are shown in Table I. Since 1975, on a conservative estimate, approximately 150 research reports covering areas such as microstructure of winged bean protein, nu-... 

In the UK estuaries, NP and APEO were only detected in two out of the nine investigated areas. The highest estuarine water concentrations were found in the Tees estuary, as was the case in the preceding study. The majority of these APEO were present in the particulate phase 075%). 

Compared to dilute solution viscometry and to some extent to bulk rheology, the flow properties of dendrimers in concentrated solutions have been the least investigated area of dendrimer rheology. In fact, with the notable exception of some recent data on generation 4 PPI in water [22] the only [32] reported... 

The reactions of intramolecular cross-linking is a rather poorly investigated area in the field of macro-molecular reactions. However, the problems of regularities of such processes are related to such important problems of polymer chemistry as chemical modification of polymers, networks formation, sorption of low molecular reagents by polymers, intramolecular catalysis, conformational transitions and so on. In spite of the great importance of the study of regularities of cross-linking reactions, the experimental and theoretical analysis of such processes is complicated by many difficulties. ... 

PEM fuel cells. R D will be concentrated on the optimisation of well known technologies as well as on new, promising technological concepts. The following investigation areas are foreseen in a time period of 5 years ... 

Male contraception, involving the suppression of spermatogenesis, is an intensely investigated area, but there have been few positive results that could be used on a practical... 

In this as yet poorly investigated area, LiTMP metalation of 2-methoxy and 2,6-dimethoxypyrazines 389 and appropriate electrophile quench has been shown to give products 390 (Scheme 119) (90JOC3410, 90TH1 91JOM). 

Although asymmetric hydrogenation has found many applications in synthesis, the most intensely investigated area is almost certainly the hydrogenation of a-N-acylaminoacrylates (Scheme 12)1,6,76,106. In most cases modest pressures (1 atm) of hydrogen are required, and low quantities (<1 mol%) of catalyst, which may frequently be conveniently formed in situ by the combination of a ligand with a non-chiral source of rhodium. Whilst rhodium is most commonly the metal of choice for catalysts, BINAP... 

The Geigy scientists developed several new research methods in the areas of biological evaluation of weed control and crop tolerance. They also developed new science methodologies to investigate areas of toxicology, mode of action, and dissipation in soils and plants. 

The semivariogram as a variance function can also be used to estimate the value and the variance for new points not sampled in the investigated area. The method applied for this purpose is termed kriging. Kriging is a special regression method for interpolation of spatially or temporally correlated data with minimization of variance. The normal distribution of the data is an important condition. If the original data are not normally distributed, which is often the case for trace components in environmental compartments, the logarithm of the data or otherwise transformed data have to be applied to obtain a normal distribution of the data (see also Section 9.4). 

The optimum distance for initial sampling may be determined by use of previous knowledge of the investigated area or - if this does not exist or if this is not available -by environmental experience. In reality, however, the limiting factor is often the money available for sampling and analysis. Compromises must, therefore, be made between the resolution of the spatial structure on the one hand and expenditure on the other. 

Fig. 7-2. Relative sedimented mass as a function of time for total mean values of different analytes in the investigated areas...

Commonly the compromising conditions of routine environmental monitoring lead to restrictions on the accuracy and the precision of sampling and analysis. The purpose of this section is to show that under these conditions multivariate statistical methods are a useful tool for qualitative extraction of new information about the degree of stress of the investigated areas, and for identification of emission sources and their seasonal variations. The results represented from investigation of the impact of particulate emissions can, in principle, be transferred to other environmental analytical problems, as described in the following case studies. 

Fig. 9-4. Plot of the scores of the first principal component in the investigated area...

By analogy with the procedure by DOERFFEL et al. [1988] for testing homogeneity in analytical investigations of solids, the regular raster screen of the investigated area is divided into a meandering shape, i.e. the two-dimensional local series is transformed into a one-dimensional local series. 

The autocorrelation function of lead shows the most conspicuous decay in the investigated area. Consequently it follows that the estimated value of the lower limit of the confidence interval for the critical distance between the measuring points for lead is the limiting sampling step. 

FA of the heavy metal content of the soil samples of the investigated areas yields a reduced solution with three common factors. These factors, their part of the determinable variance, the loading elements, and their main origins are demonstrated in Tab. 9-4. 

---