GEMINI

There are other interesting surfactant structures including Gemini (dimeric) surfac-... 

Karaborni S, Esselink K, Hilbers P A J, Smit B, Karthauser J, van Os N M and Zana R 1994 Simulating the self-assembly of Gemini (dimerio) surfaotants Science 266 254... 

Zana R 1996 Gemini (dimerio) surfaotants Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sc/. 1 566-71... 

It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advanced air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. The element has superconductive properties superconductive magnets have been... 

GE develops Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) y Fuel Gell for NASA s Gemini Program (1966)... 

Although the principle of fuel cells has been known since 1838, practical applications arc fairly recent. The first applications were in the space program, where fuel cells powered the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. In the 1960s and 1970s, fuel cells... 

Fatty Acid Transporters. Figure 2 Quencher-based real-time fatty acid uptake assay with a fluorescently labeled FFA analogue (C1-Bodipy-C12). Predominantly protein-mediated fatty acid uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocytes (diamonds) was compared with diffusion-driven uptake by fibroblasts (squares) using the QBT Fatty Acid Uptake reagent (Molecular Devices Corp., CA, USA), which contains C1-Bodipy-C12 as substrate in conjunction with a cell impermeable quencher. Uptake kinetics was recorded using a Gemini fluorescence plate reader. Error bars indicate the standard deviations from 12 independent wells. RFU relative fluorescence units. 

Fig. 4 shows the efficiency of the set of reflection gratings delivered with the Gemini Multiobject Spectrograph (GMOS) for Gemini-North (Section 2.3). 

Figure 4. The efficiency of gratings used in the Gemini Multiple Object Spectrograph (CMOS) from measurements by the vendor in Littrow configuration.

Figure 17. Steps in the constmction of a datacube of the nucleus of NGC1068 from observations with the integral held unit of the Gemini Multiobject Spectrograph installed on the Gemini-north telescope. The datacube is illustrated by a few spectra distributed over the field and equivalently by a few slices at a given radial velocity in the light of the [OIII]5007 emission line. Only a few percent of the total data content is shown.

Gemini North Observatory/CTI Mode-locked SFG Laser. CTT is developing the first commercial solid-state Na LGS system. It will be installed on the center section of the 8-m Gemini North telescope, with the output beam relayed to a projector behind the secondary mirror. The projected beam is required to be 10-20 W power, with M2 < 1.5. The architecture is based on sum-frequency mixing two mode-locked solid-state Nd YAG lasers. The mode-locked format provides significantly higher peak intensity than CW, enabling more efficient SFG conversion. The laser is also free of the thermal and intensity transients that are inherent in the macro pulse format. The chosen... 

The only 3D mapping system with LGSs under constmction today is that for the Gemini South 8m telescope at Cerro Pachon, Chile (Lllerbroek et al., 2002). It consists of 5 LGSs, 3 deformable mirrors with a total of 769 actuators and one 1020 subapertures wavefront sensor per LGS (Fig. 11). It is expected to be the most performing MCAO device. 

Figure 11. Layout of the multiconjugate adaptive optics with 5 LGSs at the Gemini South 8m telescope (F. Rigaut, private communication).

Next steps toward experimental works will be particularly exciting the MCAO MAD bench at ESO, the MCAO+LGSs device at Gemini South, experiments at the MMT and at Mt Wilson, the polychromatic LGS demonstrator in France. Also we still have a lot to learn with the feedback from the devices running now or very shortly, at Lick, Keck and ESO. But the biggest challenge of the coming years wdl be to extrapolate this know how to the case of decametric or even hectometric optical telescopes. 

Membrane-type fuel cells. The electrolyte is a polymeric ion-exchange membrane the working temperatures are 60 to 100°C. Such systems were first used in Gemini spaceships. These fuel cells subsequently saw a rather broad development and are known as (solid) polymer electrolyte or proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). 

Hiden Analytical Ltd., 240 Europa Boulevard. Gemini Business Park, Warrington WAS SUN, England. 

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